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Farag A, Mandour AS, Hendawy H, Elhaieg A, Elfadadny A, Tanaka R. A review on experimental surgical models and anesthetic protocols of heart failure in rats. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1103229. [PMID: 37051509 PMCID: PMC10083377 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1103229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a serious health and economic burden worldwide, and its prevalence is continuously increasing. Current medications effectively moderate the progression of symptoms, and there is a need for novel preventative and reparative treatments. The development of novel HF treatments requires the testing of potential therapeutic procedures in appropriate animal models of HF. During the past decades, murine models have been extensively used in fundamental and translational research studies to better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of HF and develop more effective methods to prevent and control congestive HF. Proper surgical approaches and anesthetic protocols are the first steps in creating these models, and each successful approach requires a proper anesthetic protocol that maintains good recovery and high survival rates after surgery. However, each protocol may have shortcomings that limit the study's outcomes. In addition, the ethical regulations of animal welfare in certain countries prohibit the use of specific anesthetic agents, which are widely used to establish animal models. This review summarizes the most common and recent surgical models of HF and the anesthetic protocols used in rat models. We will highlight the surgical approach of each model, the use of anesthesia, and the limitations of the model in the study of the pathophysiology and therapeutic basis of common cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Farag
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ahmed Farag
| | - Ahmed S. Mandour
- Department of Animal Medicine (Internal Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Ahmed S. Mandour
| | - Hanan Hendawy
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Asmaa Elhaieg
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Ahmed Elfadadny
- Department of Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Damanhur El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Ryou Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Ryou Tanaka
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Farag A, Mandour AS, Hamabe L, Yoshida T, Shimada K, Tanaka R. Novel protocol to establish the myocardial infarction model in rats using a combination of medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol (MMB) and atipamezole. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1064836. [PMID: 36544554 PMCID: PMC9760920 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1064836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most common cardiac problems causing deaths in humans. Previously validated anesthetic agents used in MI model establishment are currently controversial with severe restrictions because of ethical concerns. The combination between medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol (MMB) is commonly used in different animal models. The possibility of MMB combination to establish the MI model in rats did not study yet which is difficult because of severe respiratory depression and delayed recovery post-surgery, resulting in significant deaths. Atipamezole is used to counter the cardiopulmonary suppressive effect of MMB. Objectives The aim of the present study is to establish MI model in rats using a novel anesthetic combination between MMB and Atipamezole. Materials and methods Twenty-five Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were included. Rats were prepared for induction of the Myocardial infarction (MI) model through thoracotomy. Anesthesia was initially induced with a mixture of MMB (0.3/5.0/5.0 mg/kg/SC), respectively. After endotracheal intubation, rats were maintained with isoflurane 1% which gradually reduced after chest closing. MI was induced through the left anterior descending (LAD) artery ligation technique. Atipamezole was administered after finishing all surgical procedures at a dose rate of 1.0 mg/kg/SC. Cardiac function parameters were evaluated using ECG (before and after atipamezole administration) and transthoracic echocardiography (before and 1 month after MI induction) to confirm the successful model. The induction time, operation time, and recovery time were calculated. The success rate of the MI model was also calculated. Results MI was successfully established with the mentioned anesthetic protocol through the LAD ligation technique and confirmed through changes in ECG and echocardiographic parameters after MI. ECG data was improved after atipamezole administration through a significant increase in heart rate (HR), PR Interval, QRS Interval, and QT correction (QTc) and a significant reduction in RR Interval. Atipamezole enables rats to recover voluntary respiratory movement (VRM), wakefulness, movement, and posture within a very short time after administration. Echocardiographic ally, MI rats showed a significant decrease in the left ventricular wall thickness, EF, FS, and increased left ventricular diastolic and systolic internal diameter. In addition, induction time (3.440 ± 1.044), operation time (29.40 ± 3.663), partial recovery time (10.84 ± 3.313), and complete recovery time (12.36 ± 4.847) were relatively short. Moreover, the success rate of the anesthetic protocol was 100%, and all rats were maintained for 1 month after surgery with a survival rate of 88%. Conclusion Our protocol produced a more easy anesthetic effect and time-saving procedures with a highly successful rate in MI rats. Subcutaneous injection of Atipamezole efficiently counters the cardiopulmonary side effect of MMB which is necessary for rapid recovery and subsequently enhancing the survival rate during the creation of the MI model in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Farag
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan,Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt,*Correspondence: Ahmed Farag
| | - Ahmed S. Mandour
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan,Department of Animal Medicine (Internal Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt,Ahmed S. Mandour
| | - Lina Hamabe
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yoshida
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Kazumi Shimada
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Ryou Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan,Ryou Tanaka
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Magaye RR, Savira F, Xiong X, Huynh K, Meikle PJ, Reid C, Flynn BL, Kaye D, Liew D, Wang BH. Dihydrosphingosine driven enrichment of sphingolipids attenuates TGFβ induced collagen synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2021; 35:100837. [PMID: 34277924 PMCID: PMC8264607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The sphingolipid de novo synthesis pathway, encompassing the sphingolipids, the enzymes and the cell membrane receptors, are being investigated for their role in diseases and as potential therapeutic targets. The intermediate sphingolipids such as dihydrosphingosine (dhSph) and sphingosine (Sph) have not been investigated due to them being thought of as precursors to other more active lipids such as ceramide (Cer) and sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P). Here we investigated their effects in terms of collagen synthesis in primary rat neonatal cardiac fibroblasts (NCFs). Our results in NCFs showed that both dhSph and Sph did not induce collagen synthesis, whilst dhSph reduced collagen synthesis induced by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). The mechanisms of these inhibitory effects were associated with the increased activation of the de novo synthesis pathway that led to increased dihydrosphingosine 1 phosphate (dhS1P). Subsequently, through a negative feedback mechanism that may involve substrate-enzyme receptor interactions, S1P receptor 1 expression (S1PR1) was reduced.
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Key Words
- Akt, protein kinase B
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- Cardiac fibroblasts
- Cer, ceramide
- Cer1P, ceramide 1 phosphate
- Coll1a1, collagen 1a1
- Collagen synthesis
- Degs1, dihydroceramide desaturase 1 gene
- Des-1, dihydroceramide desaturase 1 enzyme
- Dihydrosphingosine
- ECM, extracellular matrix inhibitor of nuclear kappa B (NFKβ) kinase alpha and beta (IKKα/β)
- MA3PK, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase
- MAPK, mitogren activated protein kinase
- MI, myocardial infarct
- MMP2, matrix metalloproteinase 2
- NCF, neonatal cardiac fibroblasts
- RPS6, ribosomal protein S6
- S1P, sphingosine-1 Phosphate
- S1PR1, sphingosine -1-phosphate receptor 1
- S1PRs, sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor 1-5
- SK1, sphingosine kinase 1
- Sph, sphingosine
- Sphingolipid
- TAK1, transforming growth factor β activating kinase 1
- TGFβ
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TIMP1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1
- d7dhSph, deuterated dihydrosphingosine
- dhCer, dihydroceramide
- dhS1P, dihydrosphingosine 1 phosphate
- mTOR, mammalian target for rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth R. Magaye
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Feby Savira
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xin Xiong
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
- Shanghai Institute of Heart Failure, Research Centre for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Metabolomics Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter J. Meikle
- Metabolomics Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health School, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Christopher Reid
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health School, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Bernard L. Flynn
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Kaye
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danny Liew
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bing H. Wang
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
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Preventive Effect of Canstatin against Ventricular Arrhythmia Induced by Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031004. [PMID: 33498253 PMCID: PMC7863958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmia induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a clinical problem in reperfusion therapies for acute myocardial infarction. Ca2+ overload through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is a major cause for I/R-induced arrhythmia. We previously demonstrated that canstatin, a C-terminal fragment of type IV collagen α2 chain, regulated Ca2+ handling in rat heart. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effects of canstatin on I/R-induced ventricular arrhythmia in rats. Male Wistar rats were subjected to I/R injury by ligating the left anterior descending artery followed by reperfusion. Ventricular arrhythmia (ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation) was recorded by electrocardiogram. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) activity and ROS production in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) stimulated with oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) were measured by lucigenin assay and 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining, respectively. The H2O2-induced intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) rise in NRCMs was measured by a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator. Canstatin (20 µg/kg) inhibited I/R-induced ventricular arrhythmia in rats. Canstatin (250 ng/mL) inhibited OGD/R-induced NOX activation and ROS production and suppressed the H2O2-induced [Ca2+]i rise in NRCMs. We for the first time demonstrated that canstatin exerts a preventive effect against I/R-induced ventricular arrhythmia, perhaps in part through the suppression of ROS production and the subsequent [Ca2+]i rise.
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Sugiyama A, Okada M, Otani K, Yamawaki H. [Development of basic research toward clinical application of cleaved fragment of type IV collagen]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2021; 156:282-287. [PMID: 34470932 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.21016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Basement membrane is a dense sheet-like extracellular matrix (ECM), which separates cells from surrounding interstitium. Type IV collagen is a major component of basement membrane and three of six α chains (namely α1-α6 chains) form a triple-helix structure. Recently, endogenous bioactive factors called "matricryptins" or "matrikines", which are produced by degrading and cleaving C-terminal domain of type IV collagen, attract attentions as a novel therapeutic target or a candidate for biomarkers. In all type IV collagens, matricryptins called arresten (α1 chain), canstatin (α2), tumstatin (α3), tetrastatin (α4), pentastatin (α5), and hexastatin (α6), have been identified. The type IV collagen-derived matricryptins have been previously studied as new therapeutic targets for neoplastic diseases since they exert anti-angiogenic and/or anti-tumor effects. On the other hand, we have recently demonstrated the cardioprotective effects of matricryptins in addition to the altered expression levels in cardiac diseases. In this review, we introduce the results of fundamental studies for the type IV collagen-derived matricryptins in various diseases, such as neoplastic diseases and cardiac diseases, and discuss the potential clinical application as novel therapeutic agents and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Muneyoshi Okada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Kosuke Otani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
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