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Thapa D, Tavakolian P, Zhou G, Zhang A, Abdelgawad A, Shokouhi EB, Sivagurunathan K, Mandelis A. Three-dimensional thermophotonic super-resolution imaging by spatiotemporal diffusion reversal method. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi1899. [PMID: 38134277 PMCID: PMC10745684 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Spatial super-resolution in thermophotonic imaging was achieved using a combination of spatial second-derivative forming, spatial gradient adaptive filtering, and Richardson-Lucy deconvolution in conjunction with the construction of an experimental point spread function. When implemented through enhanced truncation-correlation photothermal coherence tomography (eTC-PCT), it was possible to restore blurred infrared thermophotonic images to their prediffusion optical resolution state. This modality was tested in various biological applications and proved to be capable of imaging fine axial cracks in human teeth, well-patterned anatomical subsurface structures of a mouse brain, and neovascularization in a mouse thigh due to the rapid proliferation of cancer cells. This modality was found to be immune to optical scattering and could reveal the true spatial extent of biological features at subsurface depths that conventional thermal imaging cannot reach because of limitations imposed by the physics of spreading diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damber Thapa
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Pantea Tavakolian
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - George Zhou
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Alan Zhang
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Asser Abdelgawad
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Elnaz Baradaran Shokouhi
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Koneswaran Sivagurunathan
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute for Advanced Non-Destructive and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Technologies (IANDIT), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Andreas Mandelis
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute for Advanced Non-Destructive and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Technologies (IANDIT), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
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Baradaran Shokouhi E, Welch R, Sivagurunathan K, Mandelis A. Multispectral truncated-correlation photothermal coherence tomography imaging modality for detection of early stage dental caries. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:2772-2781. [PMID: 35774315 PMCID: PMC9203104 DOI: 10.1364/boe.455117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
One of the major oral health conditions worldwide is dental caries. Light-absorption-based thermophotonic diagnostic imaging is well positioned for this challenge thanks to its speed, safety, and high molecular contrast advantages. In this work, a multispectral (MS) truncated-correlation photothermal coherence tomography (TC-PCT) imaging modality is introduced for the detection of bacterial-induced dental caries. MS TC-PCT provided thorough information about optimal lesion contrast and type of dental defects such as caries in teeth. The experimental results were validated using micro-computed tomography (µCT) including quantitative lesion depth profiles at wavelengths in the 675-700 nm range. MS TC-PCT gives rise to hard-tissue biomedical diagnostic applications such as bone and dental imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Baradaran Shokouhi
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute for Advanced Non-Destructive and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Technologies (IANDIT), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Robert Welch
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute for Advanced Non-Destructive and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Technologies (IANDIT), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Koneswaran Sivagurunathan
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute for Advanced Non-Destructive and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Technologies (IANDIT), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Andreas Mandelis
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute for Advanced Non-Destructive and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Technologies (IANDIT), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
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Thapa D, Welch R, Dabas RP, Salimi M, Tavakolian P, Sivagurunathan K, Ngai K, Huang B, Finer Y, Abrams S, Mandelis A, Tabatabaei N. Comparison of Long-Wave and Mid-Wave Infrared Imaging Modalities for Photothermal Coherence Tomography of Human Teeth. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2022; 69:2755-2766. [PMID: 35196221 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2022.3153209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect dental caries at early stages lies at the heart of minimal intervention dentistry, enabling the curing or arresting of carious lesions before they advance to the cavity stage. Enhanced truncated-correlation photothermal coherence tomography (eTC-PCT) using mid-wave infrared (MWIR) cameras has recently been shown to offer tomographic visualization of early caries. The tomographic slicing ability of such systems, however, is believed to be limited by direct radiative thermal emission through the translucent dental enamel in the 3-5 m MWIR spectral range. Such radiative emissions can dominate the delayed conductive thermal contributions needed for tomographic reconstruction of internal dental defects. It has been hypothesized that long-wave infrared (LWIR) eTC-PCT systems may offer better tomographic performance by taking advantage of the intrinsic attenuation of direct radiative emission by dental enamel in the LWIR spectral range, enabling more effective delayed conductive thermal contributions from subsurface caries. More than an order of magnitude lower cost of the system is another key attribute of LWIR eTC-PCT which can open the door for downstream translation of the technology to clinics. In this report, we offer a systematic comparison of the performance/effectiveness of caries detection with LWIR and MWIR eTC-PCT systems for detecting natural caries, bacterial caries, and artificially demineralized enamel surfaces. Our results suggest that the low-cost LWIR based eTC-PCT system provides 3D visualization and 2D slice-by-slice images of early caries and internal micro-cracks similar to those obtained from the more expensive MWIR-based eTC-PCT system, albeit with ~1.3dB lower signal-to-noise ratio.
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Roointan S, Tavakolian P, Sivagurunathan KS, Mandelis A, Abrams SH. Detection and monitoring of early dental caries and erosion using three-dimensional enhanced truncated-correlation photothermal coherence tomography imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210053R. [PMID: 33928770 PMCID: PMC8084349 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.4.046004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Dental caries is the most common oral disease, with significant effects on healthcare systems and quality of life. Developing diagnostic methods for early caries detection is key to reducing this burden and enabling non-invasive treatment as opposed to the drill-and-fill approach. AIM The application of a thermophotonic-based 3D imaging modality [enhanced truncated-correlation photothermal coherence tomography (eTC-PCT)] to early dental caries is investigated. To this end, the detection threshold, sensitivity, and 3D lesion reconstruction capability of eTC-PCT in imaging artificially generated caries and surface erosion are evaluated. APPROACH eTC-PCT employs a diode laser with pulsed excitation, a mid-IR camera, and an in-house developed image reconstruction algorithm to produce depth-resolved 2D images and 3D reconstructions. Starting with healthy teeth, dental caries and surface erosion are simulated in vitro through application of specific demineralizing/eroding acidic solutions. RESULTS eTC-PCT can detect artificial caries as early as 2 days after onset of artificial demineralization and after 45 s of surface erosion, with a laser power equivalent to 64% of maximum permissible exposure. In both cases, the lesion is not visible to the eye and undetected by x-rays. eTC-PCT is capable of monitoring lesion progression in 2-day increments and generating 3D tomographic reconstructions of the advancing lesion. CONCLUSIONS eTC-PCT shows great potential for further development as a dental imaging modality combining low detection threshold, high sensitivity to lesion progression, 3D reconstruction capability, and lack of ionizing radiation. These features enable early diagnosis and frequent monitoring, making eTC-PCT a promising technology for facilitating preventive dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Roointan
- University of Toronto, Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pantea Tavakolian
- University of Toronto, Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Institute for Advanced Non-Destructive and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Technologies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Koneswaran S. Sivagurunathan
- University of Toronto, Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Institute for Advanced Non-Destructive and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Technologies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Quantum Dental Technologies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andreas Mandelis
- University of Toronto, Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Institute for Advanced Non-Destructive and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Technologies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Quantum Dental Technologies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Address all correspondence to Andreas Mandelis,
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