Development of the ventricular myocardial trabeculae in Scyliorhinus canicula (Chondrichthyes): evolutionary implications

Pre-Hatching Ontogenetic Changes of Morphological Characters of Small-Spotted Catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula)

The small-spotted catshark, Scyliorhinus canicula, provides an optimal model organism to include chondrichthyans in studies comparing morphology or physiology through vertebrate evolution. In particular, for investigations with ontogenetic aspects, there are only a limited number of alternative taxa. Therefore, a detailed staging system is a prerequisite to allowing comparison between different studies. This study supplements information on the latest stages of the established system by Ballard and colleagues in 1993 and complements the respective staging system by including the latest pre-hatching stages. During this phase, some significant ontogenetic shifts happen, e.g., reduction of external gill filament length and complete flattening of rostral angle until Size Class 6, change in the ratio of pre- to post-vent length, and establishment of body pigmentation in Size Classes 7 and 8. All these shifts finally transform the embryo into a hatchling prepared for living outside the eggshell. This study provides a framework allowing comparison of investigations on pre-hatchings of the small-spotted catshark.