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Tripathi M, Deokar G, Casanova-Chafer J, Jin J, Sierra-Castillo A, Ogilvie SP, Lee F, Iyengar SA, Biswas A, Haye E, Genovese A, Llobet E, Colomer JF, Jurewicz I, Gadhamshetty V, Ajayan PM, Schwingenschlögl U, Costa PMFJ, Dalton AB. Vertical heterostructure of graphite-MoS 2 for gas sensing. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:1330-1340. [PMID: 38808602 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00049h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
2D materials, given their form-factor, high surface-to-volume ratio, and chemical functionality have immense use in sensor design. Engineering 2D heterostructures can result in robust combinations of desirable properties but sensor design methodologies require careful considerations about material properties and orientation to maximize sensor response. This study introduces a sensor approach that combines the excellent electrical transport and transduction properties of graphite film with chemical reactivity derived from the edge sites of semiconducting molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) through a two-step chemical vapour deposition method. The resulting vertical heterostructure shows potential for high-performance hybrid chemiresistors for gas sensing. This architecture offers active sensing edge sites across the MoS2 flakes. We detail the growth of vertically oriented MoS2 over a nanoscale graphite film (NGF) cross-section, enhancing the adsorption of analytes such as NO2, NH3, and water vapor. Raman spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations and scanning probe methods elucidate the influence of chemical doping by distinguishing the role of MoS2 edge sites relative to the basal plane. High-resolution imaging techniques confirm the controlled growth of highly crystalline hybrid structures. The MoS2/NGF hybrid structure exhibits exceptional chemiresistive responses at both room and elevated temperatures compared to bare graphitic layers. Quantitative analysis reveals that the sensitivity of this hybrid sensor surpasses other 2D material hybrids, particularly in parts per billion concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tripathi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK.
| | - G Deokar
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955 - 6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Casanova-Chafer
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, MINOS, Avda. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - J Jin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955 - 6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Sierra-Castillo
- Research Group on Carbon Nanostructures (CARBONNAGe), University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - S P Ogilvie
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK.
| | - F Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK.
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK
| | - S A Iyengar
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA
| | - A Biswas
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA
| | - E Haye
- Laboratoire d'Analyse par Réactions Nucléaires (LARN), Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - A Genovese
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Core Labs, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - E Llobet
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, MINOS, Avda. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - J-F Colomer
- Research Group on Carbon Nanostructures (CARBONNAGe), University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - I Jurewicz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - V Gadhamshetty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and 2D-Materials for Biofilm Engineering, Science, and Technology Center, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, 57701, USA.
| | - P M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA
| | - Udo Schwingenschlögl
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955 - 6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pedro M F J Costa
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955 - 6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - A B Dalton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK.
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2
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Vishal B, Reguig A, Bahabri M, Costa PMFJ. Graphene nanowalls formation investigated by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1658. [PMID: 38238363 PMCID: PMC10796779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The properties of layered materials are significantly dependent on their lattice orientations. Thus, the growth of graphene nanowalls (GNWs) on Cu through PECVD has been increasingly studied, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we examined the GNWs/Cu interface and investigated the evolution of their microstructure using advanced Scanning transmission electron microscopy and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (STEM-EELS). GNWs interface and initial root layers of comprise graphitic carbon with horizontal basal graphene (BG) planes that conform well to the catalyst surface. In the vertical section, the walls show a mix of graphitic and turbostratic carbon, while the latter becomes more noticeable close to the top edges of the GMWs film. Importantly, we identified growth process began with catalysis at Cu interface forming BG, followed by defect induction and bending at 'coalescence points' of neighboring BG, which act as nucleation sites for vertical growth. We reported that although classical thermal CVD mechanism initially dominates, growth of graphene later deviates a few nanometers from the interface to form GNWs. Nascent walls are no longer subjected to the catalytic action of Cu, and their development is dominated by the stitching of charged carbon species originating in the plasma with basal plane edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri Vishal
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdeldjalil Reguig
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bahabri
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pedro M F J Costa
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Zhang Z, Ding M, Cheng T, Qiao R, Zhao M, Luo M, Wang E, Sun Y, Zhang S, Li X, Zhang Z, Mao H, Liu F, Fu Y, Liu K, Zou D, Liu C, Wu M, Fan C, Zhu Q, Wang X, Gao P, Li Q, Liu K, Zhang Y, Bai X, Yu D, Ding F, Wang E, Liu K. Continuous epitaxy of single-crystal graphite films by isothermal carbon diffusion through nickel. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:1258-1264. [PMID: 36302961 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer van der Waals (vdW) film materials have attracted extensive interest from the perspective of both fundamental research1-3 and technology4-7. However, the synthesis of large, thick, single-crystal vdW materials remains a great challenge because the lack of out-of-plane chemical bonds weakens the epitaxial relationship between neighbouring layers8-31. Here we report the continuous epitaxial growth of single-crystal graphite films with thickness up to 100,000 layers on high-index, single-crystal nickel (Ni) foils. Our epitaxial graphite films demonstrate high single crystallinity, including an ultra-flat surface, centimetre-size single-crystal domains and a perfect AB-stacking structure. The exfoliated graphene shows excellent physical properties, such as a high thermal conductivity of ~2,880 W m-1 K-1, intrinsic Young's modulus of ~1.0 TPa and low doping density of ~2.2 × 1010 cm-2. The growth of each single-crystal graphene layer is realized by step edge-guided epitaxy on a high-index Ni surface, and continuous growth is enabled by the isothermal dissolution-diffusion-precipitation of carbon atoms driven by a chemical potential gradient between the two Ni surfaces. The isothermal growth enables the layers to grow at optimal conditions, without stacking disorders or stress gradients in the final graphite. Our findings provide a facile and scalable avenue for the synthesis of high-quality, thick vdW films for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Centre for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingchao Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Cheng
- Centre for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixi Qiao
- International Centre for Quantum Materials, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengze Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Centre for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Enze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingguang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Centre for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Centre for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hancheng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Centre for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, China
| | - Kehai Liu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, China
| | - Dingxin Zou
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Can Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Centre for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhong Wu
- International Centre for Quantum Materials, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Centre for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanlin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingshan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Centre for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Gao
- International Centre for Quantum Materials, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qunyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuedong Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, China
| | - Dapeng Yu
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Feng Ding
- Centre for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea.
| | - Enge Wang
- International Centre for Quantum Materials, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, China.
- School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Kaihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Centre for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- International Centre for Quantum Materials, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, China.
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Deokar G, Reguig A, Tripathi M, Buttner U, Fina A, Dalton AB, Costa PMFJ. Flexible, Air-Stable, High-Performance Heaters Based on Nanoscale-Thick Graphite Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:17899-17910. [PMID: 35357119 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphite sheets are known to exhibit remarkable performance in applications such as heating panels and critical elements of thermal management systems. Industrial-scale production of graphite films relies on high-temperature treatment of polymers or calendering of graphite flakes; however, these methods are limited to obtaining micrometer-scale thicknesses. Herein, we report the fabrication of a flexible and power-efficient cm2-scaled heater based on a polycrystalline nanoscale-thick graphite film (NGF, ∼100 nm thick) grown by chemical vapor deposition. The stability of these NGF heaters (operational in air over the range 30-300 °C) is demonstrated by a 12-day continuous heating test, at 215 °C. The NGF exhibits a fast switching response and attains a steady peak temperature of 300 °C at a driving bias of 7.8 V (power density of 1.1 W/cm2). This excellent heating performance is attributed to the structural characteristics of the NGF, which contains well-distributed wrinkles and micrometer-wide few-layer graphene domains (characterized using conductive imaging and finite element methods, respectively). The efficiency and flexibility of the NGF device are exemplified by externally heating a 2000 μm-thick Pyrex glass vial and bringing 5 mL of water to a temperature of 96 °C (at 2.4 W/cm2). Overall, the NGF could become an excellent active material for ultrathin, flexible, and sustainable heating panels that operate at low power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Deokar
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdeldjalil Reguig
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manoj Tripathi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, U.K
| | - Ulrich Buttner
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alberto Fina
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Polytechnic University of Turin, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Alan B Dalton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, U.K
| | - Pedro M F J Costa
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Deokar G, Genovese A, Costa PMFJ. Fast, wafer-scale growth of a nanometer-thick graphite film on Ni foil and its structural analysis. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:485605. [PMID: 32679579 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aba712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The growth of graphite on polycrystalline Ni by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and the microstructural relation of the graphitic films and the metallic substrate continues to puzzle the scientific community. Here, we report the wafer-scale growth of a nanometer-thick graphite film (∼100 nm, NGF) on Ni foil via a fast-thermal CVD approach (5 min growth). Moreover, we shed light on how localized thickness variations of the NGF relate to the Ni surface topography and grain characteristics. While on a macro-scale (mm2), the NGF film looks uniform-with a few hundred highly ordered graphene layers (d0002 = 0.335 nm), when studied at the micro- and nano-scales, few-layer graphene sections can be identified. These are present at a density of 0.1%-3% areas in 100 µ m2, can be as thin as two layers, and follow an epitaxial relation with the {111} fcc-Ni planes. Throughout the 50 cm2 NGF, the sharp graphite/substrate interfaces are either composed of a couple of NiCx layers or a graphene layer. Moreover, the NGF was successfully transferred on SiO2/Si substrate by a wet chemical etching method. The as-produced NGFs could complement or offer an alternative to the mm-thick films produced from natural graphite flakes or polymer sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Deokar
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alessandro Genovese
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Core Labs, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pedro M F J Costa
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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