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Kambhu A, Satapanajaru T, Somsamak P, Pengthamkeerati P, Chokejaroenrat C, Muangkaew K, Nonthamit K. Green cleanup of styrene-contaminated soil by carbon-based nanoscale zero-valent iron and phytoremediation: Sunn hemp ( Crotalaria juncea), zinnia ( Zinnia violacea Cav.), and marigold ( Tagetes erecta L. ). Heliyon 2024; 10:e27499. [PMID: 38496887 PMCID: PMC10944241 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Accidental chemical spills can result in styrene-contaminated soil. Styrene negatively affects human health and the environment. The objective of this study was to remediate styrene-contaminated soil using a combination of activated carbon-based nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI-AC) and phytoremediation by sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), zinnia (Zinnia violacea Cav.) and marigolds (Tagetes erecta L.). The results showed that all three plant types could potentially increase the removal efficiency of styrene-contaminated soil. At 28 days, all three plants showed complete removal of styrene from the soil with 1 g/kg of nZVI-AC, activated carbon-based nZVI synthesized by tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) (T-nZVI-AC), or activated carbon-based nZVI synthesized by red Thai holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) (B-nZVI-AC). However, styrene removal efficiencies of sunn hemp, zinnia, and marigold without carbon-based nZVI were 30%, 67%, and 56%, respectively. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) revealed that the removal efficiencies differed significantly from those of phytoremediation alone. With the same removal efficiency (100%), the biomass of sunn hemp in nano-phytoremediation treatments differed by approximately 55%, whereas the biomass of zinnia differed by >67%, compared with that of the control experiment. For marigold, the difference in biomass was only 30%. Styrene was adsorbed on surface of soil and AC and then further oxidized under air-water-nZVI environment, while phytovolatilization played an important role in transporting the remaining styrene from the contaminated soil to the air. Marigold was used as an alternative plant for the nano-phytoremediation of styrene-contaminated soil because of its sturdy nature, high biomass, tolerance to toxic effects, and ease of cultivation. Remediation of one cubic meter of styrene-contaminated soil by a combination of carbon-based nanoscale zero-valent iron and phytoremediation by marigolds emitted 0.0027 kgCO2/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kambhu
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Tunlawit Satapanajaru
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Piyapawn Somsamak
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Patthra Pengthamkeerati
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Chanat Chokejaroenrat
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Kanitchanok Muangkaew
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Kanthika Nonthamit
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
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Yang Y, Chen J, Zhou T, Liu D, Yang Q, Xiao H, Liu D, Chen J, Xia Z, Xu W. Effects of freeze-thaw cycling on the engineering properties of vegetation concrete. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118810. [PMID: 37595461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation concrete has been widely applied for the ecological restoration of bare steep slopes in short-term frozen and non-frozen soil regions in China. However, field experiments conducted in seasonally frozen soil regions have revealed decreases in the bulk density, nutrient content and vegetation coverage. This study aimed to clarify the evolution process and mechanism of the engineering properties of vegetation concrete under atmospheric freeze-thaw (F-T) test conditions. The physical, mechanical, and nutrient properties of vegetation concrete were investigated using six F-T cycles (0, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20) and two initial soil water contents (18 and 22%). The results revealed decreases in the acoustic wave velocity and cohesive forces and an increase in the permeability coefficient of the vegetation concrete owing to F-T action. X-ray diffraction tests indicated that the decreased cohesive force was closely related to the overall decrease in the content of gelling hydration products in the vegetation concrete. Additionally, the contents of NH4+-N, PO43-P and K+ in the vegetation concrete increased, whereas that of NO3--N decreased. The loss rates of these soluble nutrients increased, indicating that the nutrient retention capacity of the vegetation concrete had decreased. Specifically, the decreased nutrient retention capacity was mainly related to the disintegration and fragmentation of larger aggregates due to F-T action. This study provides theoretical support for future research on improving the anti-freezing capability of ecological slope protection substrates in seasonally frozen soil regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueshu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education, Yichang, 443002, PR China; College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, China Three Gorges University, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Slope Habitat Construction Technique Using Cement-Based Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Jinshun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education, Yichang, 443002, PR China; College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, China Three Gorges University, China
| | - Tianli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education, Yichang, 443002, PR China; College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, China Three Gorges University, China
| | - Daxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education, Yichang, 443002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Surface Processes, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Slope Habitat Construction Technique Using Cement-Based Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China.
| | - Qi Yang
- Power China Guiyang Engineering Corporation Limited, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Hai Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education, Yichang, 443002, PR China; College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, China Three Gorges University, China
| | - Deyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education, Yichang, 443002, PR China; College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, China Three Gorges University, China
| | - Jiangang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Surface Processes, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Zhenyao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education, Yichang, 443002, PR China; College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, China Three Gorges University, China
| | - Wennian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education, Yichang, 443002, PR China; College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, China Three Gorges University, China
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