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Gangwar H, Gahlaut V, Chauhan R, Singh S, Jaiswal V. Development of species-specific ISSR-derived SCAR marker for early discrimination between Cinnamomum verum and Cinnamomum cassia. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6311-6321. [PMID: 37306873 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamomum verum (true cinnamon) and Cinnamomum cassia (cassia cinnamon) are two important species belonging to family Lauraceae. These species are recognized by morphological, chemical composition and essential oil contents. The appropriate identification of species would be considerably improved by a genetic method. The main objective of the present study was to develop molecular markers distinguishing between C. verum and C. cassia. METHODS AND RESULTS A total 71 ISSR (Inter simple sequence repeat) and four universal barcoding (ITS, rbcL, matK, and psbA-trnH) genes were used to distinguish both the species. No sequence variation was observed between the two species for any DNA barcode gene. However, one ISSR i.e. ISSR-37 showed a clear distinction between the species and produced 570 bp and 746 bp amplicons in C. verum and C. cassia, respectively. The polymorphic bands were converted into species-specific SCAR markers. The SCAR-CV was specific to C. verum and amplified 190 bp band, however there was no amplification seen in the C. cassia samples. CONCLUSION The SCAR marker generated in this study can be employed as efficient, economical, and reliable molecular tool for the identification of C. verum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Gangwar
- Biotechnology, Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vijay Gahlaut
- Biotechnology, Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
- Department of Biotechnology and University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Ramesh Chauhan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Agrotechnology, Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
| | - Satbeer Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Agrotechnology, Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
| | - Vandana Jaiswal
- Biotechnology, Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Kulyan R, Samarina L, Shkhalakhova R, Kuleshov A, Ukhatova Y, Antonova O, Koninskaya N, Matskiv A, Malyarovskaya V, Ryndin A. InDel and SCoT Markers for Genetic Diversity Analysis in a Citrus Collection from the Western Caucasus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098276. [PMID: 37175981 PMCID: PMC10179493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus collections from extreme growing regions can be an important source of tolerant germplasms for the breeding of cold-tolerant varieties. However, the efficient utilization of these germplasms requires their genetic background information. Thus, efficient marker systems are necessary for the characterization and identification of valuable accessions. In this study, the efficiency of 36 SCoT markers and 60 InDel markers were evaluated as part of the broad citrus collection of the Western Caucasus. The interspecific and intraspecific genetic diversity and genetic structures were analyzed for 172 accessions, including 31 species and sets of the locally derived cultivars. Single markers, such as SCoT18 (0.84), SCoT20 (0.93), SCoT23 (0.87), SCoT31 (0.88), SCoT36 (0.87) и LG 1-4 (0.94), LG 4-3 (0.86), LG 7-11 (0.98), and LG 8-10 (0.83), showed a high discriminating power, indicating the good applicability of these markers to assess intraspecific diversity of the genus Citrus. Overall, SCoT markers showed a higher level of polymorphism than InDel markers. According to analysis of population structure, SCoT and InDel markers showed K = 9 and K = 5 genetic clusters, respectively. The lowest levels of genetic admixtures and diversity were observed among the locally derived satsumas and lemons. The highest level of genetic admixtures was observed in the lime group. Phylogenetic relationships indicated a high level of interspecific genetic diversity but a low level of intraspecific diversity in locally derived satsumas and lemons. The results provide new insight into the origin of citrus germplasms and their distribution in colder regions. Furthermore, they are important for implementing conservation measures, controlling genetic erosion, developing breeding strategies, and improving breeding efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Kulyan
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia
| | - Lidiia Samarina
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia
- "Sirius University of Science and Technology", Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Kransnodar Region, Russia
| | - Ruset Shkhalakhova
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia
| | - Alexandr Kuleshov
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia
| | - Yulia Ukhatova
- "Sirius University of Science and Technology", Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Kransnodar Region, Russia
- Federal Research Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Antonova
- "Sirius University of Science and Technology", Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Kransnodar Region, Russia
| | - Natalia Koninskaya
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia
| | - Alexandra Matskiv
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia
| | - Valentina Malyarovskaya
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia
| | - Alexey Ryndin
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia
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Genetic polymorphism detection in brazilian perennial cottons (Gossypium spp.) using an ISSR marker system and its application for molecular interspecific differentiation. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:3001-3009. [PMID: 36653730 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The semi-domesticated Brazilian perennial cotton (Gossypium spp.) germplasm is considered a source of variability for creating modern upland cotton varieties. Here we used Inter-simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers to detect intra and interspecific genetic polymorphism in Gossypium hirsutum L. r. marie-galante and Gossypium barbadense L. and to use molecular data to assessing genetic diversity and molecular discrimination of these species. METHODS AND RESULTS The sets contained 12 G. barbadense genotypes and 16 G. hirsutum genotypes from a Brazilian collection. The 11 ISSR primers were used for genotyping yielded 101 bands (polymorphism = 47.5%) and were classified as moderately informative (PIC = 0.304). The ISSR markers exposed a greater diversity in G. hirsutum (P = 24.72%; HE =0.071 and I = 0.111) as compared to G. barbadense (P = 17.98%, HE = 0.043 and I = 0.070). The AMOVA analysis showed that 89.47% of the genetic variation was partitioned within species which is supported by Nei's genetic differentiation (Gst = 0.598) and gene flow (Nm = 0.338), suggesting that strong reproductive barriers between species. The UPGMA Cluster Analysis, Principal Coordinate Analysis and Bayesian Model-Based Structural Analysis divided the 28 genotypes into two main clades consistent with the taxonomical delimitation. CONCLUSION The ISSR marker system offers a new approach to determining molecular differences between two cotton species (G. hirsutum L. r. marie-galante and G. barbadense L.). This study can expand the molecular marker resources for the identification and improvement of our knowledge about the genetic diversity and relationships between perennial cotton genotypes.
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Kerry RG, Montalbo FJP, Das R, Patra S, Mahapatra GP, Maurya GK, Nayak V, Jena AB, Ukhurebor KE, Jena RC, Gouda S, Majhi S, Rout JR. An overview of remote monitoring methods in biodiversity conservation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:80179-80221. [PMID: 36197618 PMCID: PMC9534007 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conservation of biodiversity is critical for the coexistence of humans and the sustenance of other living organisms within the ecosystem. Identification and prioritization of specific regions to be conserved are impossible without proper information about the sites. Advanced monitoring agencies like the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) had accredited that the sum total of species that are now threatened with extinction is higher than ever before in the past and are progressing toward extinct at an alarming rate. Besides this, the conceptualized global responses to these crises are still inadequate and entail drastic changes. Therefore, more sophisticated monitoring and conservation techniques are required which can simultaneously cover a larger surface area within a stipulated time frame and gather a large pool of data. Hence, this study is an overview of remote monitoring methods in biodiversity conservation via a survey of evidence-based reviews and related studies, wherein the description of the application of some technology for biodiversity conservation and monitoring is highlighted. Finally, the paper also describes various transformative smart technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and/or machine learning algorithms for enhanced working efficiency of currently available techniques that will aid remote monitoring methods in biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rout George Kerry
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751004 India
| | | | - Rajeswari Das
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, GIET University, Gunupur, Rayagada, Odisha 765022 India
| | - Sushmita Patra
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease-International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050 India
| | | | - Ganesh Kumar Maurya
- Zoology Section, Mahila MahaVidyalya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Vinayak Nayak
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease-International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050 India
| | - Atala Bihari Jena
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | | | - Ram Chandra Jena
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751004 India
| | - Sushanto Gouda
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796009 India
| | - Sanatan Majhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751004 India
| | - Jyoti Ranjan Rout
- School of Biological Sciences, AIPH University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752101 India
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Falcione M, Simiele M, Renella A, Scippa GS, Di Martino P, Trupiano D. A Multi-Level Approach as a Powerful Tool to Identify and Characterize Some Italian Autochthonous Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Landraces under a Changing Environment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2790. [PMID: 36297814 PMCID: PMC9609626 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A prime role in matters of agrobiodiversity is held by landraces, which serve as a repository gene pool able to meet sustainable development goals and to face the ongoing challenges of climate change. However, many landraces are currently endangered due to environmental and socio-economic changes. Thus, effective characterization activities and conservation strategies should be undertaken to prevent their genetic and cultural erosion. In the current study, the morphological, genetic, and biochemical analyses were integrated with stress response-related studies to characterize the diversity of seven Italian autochthonous common bean landraces. The results showed that the morphological descriptors and the neutral molecular markers represent powerful tools to identify and distinguish diversity among landrace populations, but they cannot correlate with the stress tolerance pattern of genetically similar populations. The study also supported the use of proline as a biochemical marker to screen the most salt-sensitive bean landraces. Thus, to fully elucidate the future dynamics of agrobiodiversity and to establish the basis for safeguarding them while promoting their utilization, a multi-level approach should always be included in any local and national program for the characterization/conservation/use of genetic resources. This study should represent the basis for further joint research that effectively contributes to set/achieve Italian priorities towards sustainability in the framework of emerging environmental, societal, and economic challenges.
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Yadav G, Jayaswal D, Jayaswall K, Bhandawat A, Singh A, Tilgam J, Rai AK, Chaturvedi R, Kumar A, Kumar S, Jeevan Kumar SP. Identification and characterization of chickpea genotypes for early flowering and higher seed germination through molecular markers. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:6181-6188. [PMID: 35526245 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chickpea is the fourth most important legume crop contributing 15.42% to the total legume production and a rich source of proteins, minerals, and vitamins. Determination of genetic diversity of wild and elite cultivars coupled with early flowering and higher seed germination lines are quintessential for variety improvement. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, we have analyzed the genetic diversity, population structure, cross-species transferability, and allelic richness in 50 chickpea collections using 23 Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. The observed parameters such as allele number varied from 3 to 16, range of allele size varied from 150 to 1600 bp and polymorphic information content (PIC) range lies in between 0.15 and 0.49. Dendrogram was constructed with ISSR marker genotypic data and classified 50 chickpea germplasms into groups I and II, where the accession P 74 - 1 is in group I and the rest are in group II. Dendrogram, Principal component analysis (PCA), dissimilarity matrix, and Bayesian model-based genetic clustering of 50 chickpea germplasms revealed that P 74 - 1 and P 1883 are very diverse chickpea accessions. CONCLUSION Based on genetic diversity analysis, 15 chickpea germplasm having been screened for early flowering and higher seed germination and found that the P 1857-1 and P 3971 have early flowering and higher seed germination percentage in comparison to P 1883 and other germplasm. These agronomic traits are essential for crop improvement and imply the potential of ISSR markers in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Yadav
- ICAR- Indian Institute of Seed Science, 275103, Mau, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepanshu Jayaswal
- ICAR- Indian Institute of Seed Science, 275103, Mau, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Kuldip Jayaswall
- ICAR- Indian Institute of Seed Science, 275103, Mau, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Bhandawat
- Agri-Biotechnology Department, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, 140507, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - ArvindNath Singh
- ICAR- Indian Institute of Seed Science, 275103, Mau, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jyotsana Tilgam
- ICAR- National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, 275103, Mau, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, 226028, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Rai
- ICAR- Indian Institute of Seed Science, 275103, Mau, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rachna Chaturvedi
- ICAR- National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, 275103, Mau, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, 226028, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- ICAR- Indian Institute of Seed Science, 275103, Mau, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- ICAR- Indian Institute of Seed Science, 275103, Mau, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S P Jeevan Kumar
- ICAR- Directorate of Floricultural Research, 411005, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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Samarina LS, Malyarovskaya VI, Reim S, Yakushina LG, Koninskaya NG, Klemeshova KV, Shkhalakhova RM, Matskiv AO, Shurkina ES, Gabueva TY, Slepchenko NA, Ryndin AV. Transferability of ISSR, SCoT and SSR Markers for Chrysanthemum × Morifolium Ramat and Genetic Relationships Among Commercial Russian Cultivars. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1302. [PMID: 34199003 PMCID: PMC8309030 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of genetic diversity in germplasm collections requires an efficient set of molecular markers. We assessed the efficiency of 36 new SCoT markers, 10 new ISSR markers, and 5 microsatellites for the characterization of genetic diversity in chrysanthemum core collection of 95 accessions (Russian and foreign cultivars). Seven new SCoT (SCoT12, 20, 21, 23, 29, 31, 34) and six new ISSR markers ((GA)8T, (CT)8G, (CTTCA)3, (GGAGA)3, (TC)8C, (CT)8TG) were efficient for the genetic diversity analysis in Chrysanthemum × morifolium collection. After STRUCTURE analysis, most Russian cultivars showed 20-50% of genetic admixtures of the foreign cultivars. Neighbor joining analysis based on the combination of SSR, ISSR, and SCoT data showed the best accordance with phenotype and origin compared to the separate analysis by each marker type. The position of the accessions within the phylogenetic tree corresponded with the origin and with some important traits, namely, plant height, stem and peduncle thickness, inflorescence type, composite flower and floret types, flower color, and disc color. In addition, several SCoT markers were suitable to separate the groups distinctly by the phenotypical traits such as plant height (SCoT29, SCoT34), thickness of the stem and peduncle (SCoT31, SCoT34), and leaf size and the floret type (SCoT31). These results provide new findings for the selection of markers associated with important traits in Chrysanthemum for trait-oriented breeding and germplasm characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia S. Samarina
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Valentina I. Malyarovskaya
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Stefanie Reim
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 01326 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Lyudmila G. Yakushina
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Natalia G. Koninskaya
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Kristina V. Klemeshova
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Ruset M. Shkhalakhova
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Alexandra O. Matskiv
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Ekaterina S. Shurkina
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Tatiana Y. Gabueva
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Natalia A. Slepchenko
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Alexey V. Ryndin
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
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