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Helmy FE, Ibrahim II, Saleh AM. Beam-steering of dielectric flat lens nanoantenna with elliptical patch based on antenna displacement for optical wireless applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16030. [PMID: 37749133 PMCID: PMC10520002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the switched-beam nanoantenna (NA) concept is introduced with a theoretical design of an inhomogeneous dielectric flat lens modelled with different materials to steer and enhance the radiation in a particular direction based on shifting the illuminator element. Firstly, the design of hybrid plasmonic NA is introduced and analyzed considering different silicon patch shapes such as rectangular, circular, hexagonal, and elliptical shapes. The elliptical patch NA achieves a gain of up to 10.7 dBi and a return loss of - 14.41 dB. Then the design of a gradient-index dielectric flat lens with the NA is introduced to improve the antenna performance by increasing the directivity and consequently decreasing the beam-width. Furthermore, the beam-steering capabilities by displacement of the NA according to different feeding points along the X and Y-direction. By using the gradient-index dielectric flat lens, the gain is increased to 18.4 dBi with an improvement in the return loss reach to - 19.15 dB compared with traditional NA. In addition, the beam-steering capabilities were achieved with a range ± 60° × ± 55° with acceptable average antenna gain, side-lobe levels, and half power beam-width of 16.5 dBi, - 12.3 dB and 13.6° respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma E Helmy
- Electronics and Communications Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim I Ibrahim
- Electronics and Communications Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Amany M Saleh
- Electronics and Communications Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
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Pham NT, Bunruangses M, Youplao P, Garhwal A, Ray K, Roy A, Boonkirdram S, Yupapin P, Jalil MA, Ali J, Kaiser S, Mahmud M, Mallik S, Zhao Z. An exploratory simulation study and prediction model on human brain behavior and activity using an integration of deep neural network and biosensor Rabi antenna. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15749. [PMID: 37305516 PMCID: PMC10256856 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasmonic antenna probe is constructed using a silver rod embedded in a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) ad-drop filter. Rabi antennas are formed when space-time control reaches two levels of system oscillation and can be used as human brain sensor probes. Photonic neural networks are designed using brain-Rabi antenna communication, and transmissions are connected via neurons. Communication signals are carried by electron spin (up and down) and adjustable Rabi frequency. Hidden variables and deep brain signals can be obtained by external detection. A Rabi antenna has been developed by simulation using computer simulation technology (CST) software. Additionally, a communication device has been developed that uses the Optiwave program with Finite-Difference Time-Domain (OptiFDTD). The output signal is plotted using the MATLAB program with the parameters of the OptiFDTD simulation results. The proposed antenna oscillates in the frequency range of 192 THz to 202 THz with a maximum gain of 22.4 dBi. The sensitivity of the sensor is calculated along with the result of electron spin and applied to form a human brain connection. Moreover, intelligent machine learning algorithms are proposed to identify high-quality transmissions and predict the behavior of transmissions in the near future. During the process, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.3332(±0.2338) was obtained. Finally, it can be said that our proposed model can efficiently predict human mind, thoughts, behavior as well as action/reaction, which can be greatly helpful in the diagnosis of various neuro-degenerative/psychological diseases (such as Alzheimer's, dementia, etc.) and for security purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhat Truong Pham
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Montree Bunruangses
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Education, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Phichai Youplao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Industry and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Sakon Nakhon Campus, 199 Village no. 3, Phungkon, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand
| | - Anita Garhwal
- Asia Metropolitan University, 6, Jalan Lembah, Bandar Baru Seri Alam 81750, Masai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Kanad Ray
- Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
- Facultad de CienciasFisico-Matematicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av. San Claudio y AV. 18 sur, Col. San Manuel Ciudad Universitaria, Pueble Pue. 72570, Mexico
- Faubert Lab, Ecole d'optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T1P1, Canada
| | - Arup Roy
- School of Computing and Information Technology, Reva University, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Sarawoot Boonkirdram
- Program of Electrical and Electronics, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, 680 Nittayo, Mueang, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Preecha Yupapin
- Department of Electrical Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Sakonnakhon Technical College, Institute of Vocational Education Northeastern 2, Sakonnakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Muhammad Arif Jalil
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Unversiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Jalil Ali
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Industry and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Sakon Nakhon Campus, 199 Village no. 3, Phungkon, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand
| | - Shamim Kaiser
- Institute of Information Technology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mufti Mahmud
- Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Saurav Mallik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Moshiri SMM, Nozhat N. Smart optical cross dipole nanoantenna with multibeam pattern. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5047. [PMID: 33658603 PMCID: PMC7930033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, an optical smart multibeam cross dipole nano-antenna has been proposed by combining the absorption characteristic of graphene and applying different arrangements of directors. By introducing a cross dipole nano-antenna with two V-shaped coupled elements, the maximum directivity of 8.79 dBi has been obtained for unidirectional radiation pattern. Also, by applying various arrangements of circular sectors as director, different types of radiation pattern such as bi- and quad-directional have been attained with directivities of 8.63 and 8.42 dBi, respectively, at the wavelength of 1550 nm. The maximum absorption power of graphene can be tuned by choosing an appropriate chemical potential. Therefore, the radiation beam of the proposed multibeam cross dipole nano-antenna has been controlled dynamically by applying a monolayer graphene. By choosing a suitable chemical potential of graphene for each arm of the suggested cross dipole nano-antenna without the director, the unidirectional radiation pattern shifts ± 13° at the wavelength of 1550 nm. Also, for the multibeam nano-antenna with different arrangements of directors, the bi- and quad-directional radiation patterns have been smartly modified to uni- and bi-directional ones with the directivities of 10.1 and 9.54 dBi, respectively. It is because of the graphene performance as an absorptive or transparent element for different chemical potentials. This feature helps us to create a multipath wireless link with the capability to control the accessibility of each receiver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Najmeh Nozhat
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, 7155713876, Shiraz, Iran.
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