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Xue L, Jie CVML, Desrayaud S, Auberson YP. Developing Low Molecular Weight PET and SPECT Imaging Agents. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400094. [PMID: 38634545 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) have shown their utility in many situations, answering clinical questions related to drug development and medical considerations. The discovery and development of imaging agents follow a well-understood process, with variations related to available starting points and to the envisaged imaging application. This article describes the general development path leading from the expression of an imaging need and project initiation to a clinically usable imaging agent. The definition of the project rationale, the design and optimization of early leads, and the assessment of the imaging potential of an imaging agent candidate are followed by preclinical and clinical development activities that differ from those required for therapeutic agents. These include radiolabeling with a positron emitter and first-in-human clinical studies, to rapidly evaluate the ability of a new imaging agent to address the questions it was designed to answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Xue
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Caitlin V M L Jie
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Desrayaud
- Novartis Biomedical Research, In Vivo preclinical PK/ADME, Novartis campus, WSJ-352/6/73.01, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yves P Auberson
- Novartis Biomedical Research, Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis campus, WSJ-88.10.100, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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Kleynhans J, Ebenhan T, Cleeren F, Sathekge MM. Can current preclinical strategies for radiopharmaceutical development meet the needs of targeted alpha therapy? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 51:1965-1980. [PMID: 38676735 PMCID: PMC11139742 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-024-06719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Preclinical studies are essential for effectively evaluating TAT radiopharmaceuticals. Given the current suboptimal supply chain of these radionuclides, animal studies must be refined to produce the most translatable TAT agents with the greatest clinical potential. Vector design is pivotal, emphasizing harmonious physical and biological characteristics among the vector, target, and radionuclide. The scarcity of alpha-emitting radionuclides remains a significant consideration. Actinium-225 and lead-212 appear as the most readily available radionuclides at this stage. Available animal models for researchers encompass xenografts, allografts, and PDX (patient-derived xenograft) models. Emerging strategies for imaging alpha-emitters are also briefly explored. Ultimately, preclinical research must address two critical aspects: (1) offering valuable insights into balancing safety and efficacy, and (2) providing guidance on the optimal dosing of the TAT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janke Kleynhans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Frederik Cleeren
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Mike Machaba Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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Balmforth C, Whittington B, Tzolos E, Bing R, Williams MC, Clark L, Corral CA, Tavares A, Dweck MR, Newby DE. Translational molecular imaging: Thrombosis imaging with positron emission tomography. J Nucl Cardiol 2024:101848. [PMID: 38499227 DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclcard.2024.101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
A key focus of cardiovascular medicine is the detection, treatment, and prevention of disease, with a move towards more personalized and patient-centred treatments. To achieve this goal, novel imaging approaches that allow for early and accurate detection of disease and risk stratification are needed. At present, the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostication of thrombotic cardiovascular diseases are based on imaging techniques that measure changes in structural anatomy and biological function. Molecular imaging is emerging as a new tool for the non-invasive detection of biological processes, such as thrombosis, that can improve identification of these events above and beyond current imaging modalities. At the forefront of these evolving techniques is the use of high-sensitivity radiotracers in conjunction with positron emission tomography imaging that could revolutionise current diagnostic paradigms by improving our understanding of the role and origin of thrombosis in a range of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Balmforth
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Beth Whittington
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Tzolos
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rong Bing
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle C Williams
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Edinburgh Imaging, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Clark
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Alcaide Corral
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Edinburgh Imaging, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana Tavares
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Edinburgh Imaging, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Richard Dweck
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Ernest Newby
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Ravizzini G, Erwin W, De Palatis L, Martiniova L, Subbiah V, Paolillo V, Mitchell J, McCoy AP, Gonzalez J, Mawlawi O. Dosimetry of a Novel 111Indium-Labeled Anti-P-Cadherin Monoclonal Antibody (FF-21101) in Non-Human Primates. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4532. [PMID: 37760501 PMCID: PMC10526467 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
P-cadherin is associated with a wide range of tumor types, making it an attractive therapeutic target. FF-21101 is a human-mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against human P-cadherin, which has been radioconjugated with indium-111 (111In) utilizing a DOTA chelator. We investigated the biodistribution of FF-21101(111In) in cynomolgus macaques and extrapolated the results to estimate internal radiation doses of 111In- and yttrium-90 (90Y)-FF-21101 for targeted radioimmunotherapy in humans. Whole-body planar and SPECT imaging were performed at 0, 2, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h post-injection, using a dual-head gamma camera. Volumes of interest of identifiable source organs of radioactivity were defined on aligned reference CT and serial SPECT images. Organs with the highest estimated dose values (mSv/MBq) for FF-21101(111In) were the lungs (0.840), spleen (0.816), liver (0.751), kidneys (0.629), and heart wall (0.451); and for FF-21101(90Y) dose values were: lungs (10.49), spleen (8.21), kidneys (5.92), liver (5.46), and heart wall (2.61). FF-21101(111In) exhibits favorable biodistribution in cynomolgus macaques and estimated human dosimetric characteristics. Data obtained in this study were used to support the filing of an investigational new drug application with the FDA for a Phase I clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Ravizzini
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St., Unit 1483, Houston, TX 77030, USA (J.G.)
| | - William Erwin
- Department of Imaging Physics, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (W.E.); (O.M.)
| | - Louis De Palatis
- Technology and Business Development, Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Lucia Martiniova
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Vivek Subbiah
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vincenzo Paolillo
- Cyclotron Radiochemistry Facility, Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Jennifer Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Asa P. McCoy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St., Unit 1483, Houston, TX 77030, USA (J.G.)
| | - Jose Gonzalez
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St., Unit 1483, Houston, TX 77030, USA (J.G.)
| | - Osama Mawlawi
- Department of Imaging Physics, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (W.E.); (O.M.)
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Cicone F, Viertl D, Denoël T, Stabin MG, Prior JO, Gnesin S. Comparison of absorbed dose extrapolation methods for mouse-to-human translation of radiolabelled macromolecules. EJNMMI Res 2022; 12:21. [PMID: 35403982 PMCID: PMC9001797 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-022-00893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extrapolation of human absorbed doses (ADs) from biodistribution experiments on laboratory animals is used to predict the efficacy and toxicity profiles of new radiopharmaceuticals. Comparative studies between available animal-to-human dosimetry extrapolation methods are missing. We compared five computational methods for mice-to-human AD extrapolations, using two different radiopharmaceuticals, namely [111In]CHX-DTPA-scFv78-Fc and [68Ga]NODAGA-RGDyK. Human organ-specific time-integrated activity coefficients (TIACs) were derived from biodistribution studies previously conducted in our centre. The five computational methods adopted are based on simple direct application of mice TIACs to human organs (M1), relative mass scaling (M2), metabolic time scaling (M3), combined mass and time scaling (M4), and organ-specific allometric scaling (M5), respectively. For [68Ga]NODAGA-RGDyK, these methods for mice-to-human extrapolations were tested against the ADs obtained on patients, previously published by our group. Lastly, an average [68Ga]NODAGA-RGDyK-specific allometric parameter αnew was calculated from the organ-specific biological half-lives in mouse and humans and retrospectively applied to M3 and M4 to assess differences in human AD predictions with the α = 0.25 recommended by previous studies. RESULTS For both radiopharmaceuticals, the five extrapolation methods showed significantly different AD results (p < 0.0001). In general, organ ADs obtained with M3 were higher than those obtained with the other methods. For [68Ga]NODAGA-RGDyK, no significant differences were found between ADs calculated with M3 and those obtained directly on human subjects (H) (p = 0.99; average M3/H AD ratio = 1.03). All other methods for dose extrapolations resulted in ADs significantly different from those calculated directly on humans (all p ≤ 0.0001). Organ-specific allometric parameters calculated using combined experimental [68Ga]NODAGA-RGDyK mice and human biodistribution data varied significantly. ADs calculated with M3 and M4 after the application of αnew = 0.17 were significantly different from those obtained by the application of α = 0.25 (both p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Available methods for mouse-to-human dosimetry extrapolations provided significantly different results in two different experimental models. For [68Ga]NODAGA-RGDyK, the best approximation of human dosimetry was shown by M3, applying a metabolic scaling to the mouse organ TIACs. The accuracy of more refined extrapolation algorithms adopting model-specific metabolic scaling parameters should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cicone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, and Neuroscience Research Centre, PET/MR Unit, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, University Hospital “Mater Domini”, Catanzaro, Italy
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Viertl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thibaut Denoël
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, and Neuroscience Research Centre, PET/MR Unit, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - John O. Prior
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvano Gnesin
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ren W, Ji B, Guan Y, Cao L, Ni R. Recent Technical Advances in Accelerating the Clinical Translation of Small Animal Brain Imaging: Hybrid Imaging, Deep Learning, and Transcriptomics. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:771982. [PMID: 35402436 PMCID: PMC8987112 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.771982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Small animal models play a fundamental role in brain research by deepening the understanding of the physiological functions and mechanisms underlying brain disorders and are thus essential in the development of therapeutic and diagnostic imaging tracers targeting the central nervous system. Advances in structural, functional, and molecular imaging using MRI, PET, fluorescence imaging, and optoacoustic imaging have enabled the interrogation of the rodent brain across a large temporal and spatial resolution scale in a non-invasively manner. However, there are still several major gaps in translating from preclinical brain imaging to the clinical setting. The hindering factors include the following: (1) intrinsic differences between biological species regarding brain size, cell type, protein expression level, and metabolism level and (2) imaging technical barriers regarding the interpretation of image contrast and limited spatiotemporal resolution. To mitigate these factors, single-cell transcriptomics and measures to identify the cellular source of PET tracers have been developed. Meanwhile, hybrid imaging techniques that provide highly complementary anatomical and molecular information are emerging. Furthermore, deep learning-based image analysis has been developed to enhance the quantification and optimization of the imaging protocol. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent developments in small animal neuroimaging toward improved translational power, with a focus on technical improvement including hybrid imaging, data processing, transcriptomics, awake animal imaging, and on-chip pharmacokinetics. We also discuss outstanding challenges in standardization and considerations toward increasing translational power and propose future outlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuwei Ren
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy Efficient and Custom AI IC, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Radiopharmacy and Molecular Imaging, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Shanghai Changes Tech, Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Amato E, Gnesin S, Cicone F, Auditore L. Fundamentals of internal radiation dosimetry. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Waeleh N, Saripan MI, Musarudin M, Mashohor S, Ahmad Saad FF. Correlation between 18F-FDG dosage and SNR on various BMI patient groups tested in NEMA IEC PET phantom. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 176:109885. [PMID: 34385090 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine quantitatively the correlation between injected radiotracer and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) based on differences in physiques and stages of cancer. Eight different activities were evaluated with modelled National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) PET's phantom with nine different tumour-to-background ratio (TBR). The findings suggest that the optimal value of dosage is required for all categories of patients in the early stages of cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazreen Waeleh
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia.
| | - M Iqbal Saripan
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Marianie Musarudin
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Syamsiah Mashohor
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Kim SB, Song IH, Song YS, Lee BC, Gupta A, Lee JS, Park HS, Kim SE. Biodistribution and internal radiation dosimetry of a companion diagnostic radiopharmaceutical, [ 68Ga]PSMA-11, in subcutaneous prostate cancer xenograft model mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15263. [PMID: 34315965 PMCID: PMC8316415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
[68Ga]PSMA-11 is a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting radiopharmaceutical for diagnostic PET imaging. Its application can be extended to targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). In this study, we characterize the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of [68Ga]PSMA-11 in PSMA-positive and negative (22Rv1 and PC3, respectively) tumor-bearing mice and subsequently estimated its internal radiation dosimetry via voxel-level dosimetry using a dedicated Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the absorbed dose in the tumor directly. Consequently, this approach overcomes the drawbacks of the conventional organ-level (or phantom-based) method. The kidneys and urinary bladder both showed substantial accumulation of [68Ga]PSMA-11 without exhibiting a washout phase during the study. For the tumor, a peak concentration of 4.5 ± 0.7 %ID/g occurred 90 min after [68Ga]PSMA-11 injection. The voxel- and organ-level methods both determined that the highest absorbed dose occurred in the kidneys (0.209 ± 0.005 Gy/MBq and 0.492 ± 0.059 Gy/MBq, respectively). Using voxel-level dosimetry, the absorbed dose in the tumor was estimated as 0.024 ± 0.003 Gy/MBq. The biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of [68Ga]PSMA-11 in various organs of subcutaneous prostate cancer xenograft model mice were consistent with reported data for prostate cancer patients. Therefore, our data supports the use of voxel-level dosimetry in TRT to deliver personalized dosimetry considering patient-specific heterogeneous tissue compositions and activity distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Bin Kim
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro, 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 13620, Korea
| | - In Ho Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro, 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 13620, Korea
| | - Yoo Sung Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro, 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 13620, Korea
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro, 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 13620, Korea
| | - Arun Gupta
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Institution: B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Dharan-18, Province-1, Sunsari, Nepal
| | - Jae Sung Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro, 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 13620, Korea.
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro, 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 13620, Korea. .,Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, 145 Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16229, Korea. .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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