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Karagyaur M, Primak A, Bozov K, Sheleg D, Arbatsky M, Dzhauari S, Illarionova M, Semina E, Samokhodskaya L, Klimovich P, Velichko A, Drach M, Sotskaya E, Popov V, Rubina K, Parfenenko M, Makus J, Tsygankov B, Tkachuk V, Neyfeld E. Novel missense variants in brain morphogenic genes associated with depression and schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1338168. [PMID: 38699454 PMCID: PMC11063365 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1338168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Impaired function of brain morphogenic genes is considered one of the predisposing factors for the manifestation of psychiatric and cognitive disorders, such as paranoid schizophrenia (SCZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Identification of such genes (genes of neurotrophic factors and guidance molecules among them) and their deleterious genetic variants serves as a key to diagnosis, prevention, and possibly treatment of such disorders. In this study, we have examined the prevalence of genomic variants in brain morphogenic genes in individuals with SCZ and MDD within a Russian population. Methods We have performed whole-exome sequencing of 21 DNA samples: 11 from individuals with SCZ and 10 with MDD, followed by ARMS (Amplification-Refractory Mutation System) based screening of detected single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in larger groups: 102 for individuals with SCZ, 79 for those with MDD and 103 for healthy donors. Results Whole-exome sequencing has revealed 226 missense mutations in 79 genes (out of 140 studied), some of which occur in patients with psychiatric disorders significantly more frequently than in healthy donors. We have identified previously undescribed genomic variants in brain morphogenic genes: CDH2 (rs1944294-T and rs17445840-T), DCHS2 (rs11935573-G and rs12500437-G/T) and CDH23 (rs1227051-G/A), significantly associated with the incidence of SCZ and MDD in the Russian population. For some SNVs (rs6265-T, rs1944294-T, rs11935573-G, rs4760-G) sex-biased differences in their prevalence between SCZ/MDD patients and healthy donors was detected. Discussion However, the functional significance of the SNVs identified has still to be confirmed in cellular and animal models. Once it is fulfilled, these SNVs have the potential to complement the diagnostic toolbox for assessing susceptibility to mental disorders. The data obtained indirectly confirm the importance of adequate brain structure formation for its correct functioning and preservation of mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Karagyaur
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra Primak
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill Bozov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Sheleg
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of the Higher Education “A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Arbatsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stalik Dzhauari
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Illarionova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Semina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Larisa Samokhodskaya
- Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Klimovich
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arkadiy Velichko
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Drach
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir Popov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kseniya Rubina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mariia Parfenenko
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia Makus
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Tsygankov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of the Higher Education “A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Tkachuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Neyfeld
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of the Higher Education “A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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Bement WM, Goryachev AB, Miller AL, von Dassow G. Patterning of the cell cortex by Rho GTPases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:290-308. [PMID: 38172611 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The Rho GTPases - RHOA, RAC1 and CDC42 - are small GTP binding proteins that regulate basic biological processes such as cell locomotion, cell division and morphogenesis by promoting cytoskeleton-based changes in the cell cortex. This regulation results from active (GTP-bound) Rho GTPases stimulating target proteins that, in turn, promote actin assembly and myosin 2-based contraction to organize the cortex. This basic regulatory scheme, well supported by in vitro studies, led to the natural assumption that Rho GTPases function in vivo in an essentially linear matter, with a given process being initiated by GTPase activation and terminated by GTPase inactivation. However, a growing body of evidence based on live cell imaging, modelling and experimental manipulation indicates that Rho GTPase activation and inactivation are often tightly coupled in space and time via signalling circuits and networks based on positive and negative feedback. In this Review, we present and discuss this evidence, and we address one of the fundamental consequences of coupled activation and inactivation: the ability of the Rho GTPases to self-organize, that is, direct their own transition from states of low order to states of high order. We discuss how Rho GTPase self-organization results in the formation of diverse spatiotemporal cortical patterns such as static clusters, oscillatory pulses, travelling wave trains and ring-like waves. Finally, we discuss the advantages of Rho GTPase self-organization and pattern formation for cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Bement
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Andrew B Goryachev
- Center for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Bischof L, Schweitzer F, Heinisch JJ. Functional Conservation of the Small GTPase Rho5/Rac1-A Tale of Yeast and Men. Cells 2024; 13:472. [PMID: 38534316 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases are molecular switches that participate in many essential cellular processes. Amongst them, human Rac1 was first described for its role in regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics and cell migration, with a close relation to carcinogenesis. More recently, the role of Rac1 in regulating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), both as a subunit of NADPH oxidase complexes and through its association with mitochondrial functions, has drawn attention. Malfunctions in this context affect cellular plasticity and apoptosis, related to neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes. Some of these features of Rac1 are conserved in its yeast homologue Rho5. Here, we review the structural and functional similarities and differences between these two evolutionary distant proteins and propose yeast as a useful model and a device for high-throughput screens for specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnet Bischof
- AG Genetik, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Franziska Schweitzer
- AG Genetik, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jürgen J Heinisch
- AG Genetik, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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Nakamura F. The Role of Mechanotransduction in Contact Inhibition of Locomotion and Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2135. [PMID: 38396812 PMCID: PMC10889191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Contact inhibition (CI) represents a crucial tumor-suppressive mechanism responsible for controlling the unbridled growth of cells, thus preventing the formation of cancerous tissues. CI can be further categorized into two distinct yet interrelated components: CI of locomotion (CIL) and CI of proliferation (CIP). These two components of CI have historically been viewed as separate processes, but emerging research suggests that they may be regulated by both distinct and shared pathways. Specifically, recent studies have indicated that both CIP and CIL utilize mechanotransduction pathways, a process that involves cells sensing and responding to mechanical forces. This review article describes the role of mechanotransduction in CI, shedding light on how mechanical forces regulate CIL and CIP. Emphasis is placed on filamin A (FLNA)-mediated mechanotransduction, elucidating how FLNA senses mechanical forces and translates them into crucial biochemical signals that regulate cell locomotion and proliferation. In addition to FLNA, trans-acting factors (TAFs), which are proteins or regulatory RNAs capable of directly or indirectly binding to specific DNA sequences in distant genes to regulate gene expression, emerge as sensitive players in both the mechanotransduction and signaling pathways of CI. This article presents methods for identifying these TAF proteins and profiling the associated changes in chromatin structure, offering valuable insights into CI and other biological functions mediated by mechanotransduction. Finally, it addresses unanswered research questions in these fields and delineates their possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Nakamura
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
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Tonami K, Hayashi T, Uchijima Y, Kanai M, Yura F, Mada J, Sugahara K, Kurihara Y, Kominami Y, Ushijima T, Takubo N, Liu X, Tozawa H, Kanai Y, Tokihiro T, Kurihara H. Coordinated linear and rotational movements of endothelial cells compartmentalized by VE-cadherin drive angiogenic sprouting. iScience 2023; 26:107051. [PMID: 37426350 PMCID: PMC10329149 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a sequential process to extend new blood vessels from preexisting ones by sprouting and branching. During angiogenesis, endothelial cells (ECs) exhibit inhomogeneous multicellular behaviors referred to as "cell mixing," in which ECs repetitively exchange their relative positions, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here we identified the coordinated linear and rotational movements potentiated by cell-cell contact as drivers of sprouting angiogenesis using in vitro and in silico approaches. VE-cadherin confers the coordinated linear motility that facilitated forward sprout elongation, although it is dispensable for rotational movement, which was synchronous without VE-cadherin. Mathematical modeling recapitulated the EC motility in the two-cell state and angiogenic morphogenesis with the effects of VE-cadherin-knockout. Finally, we found that VE-cadherin-dependent EC compartmentalization potentiated branch elongations, and confirmed this by mathematical simulation. Collectively, we propose a way to understand angiogenesis, based on unique EC behavioral properties that are partially dependent on VE-cadherin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Tonami
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hayashi
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Graduate School of Mathematical Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8914, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Uchijima
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kanai
- Department of Education and Creation Engineering, Kurume Institute of Technology, 2228-66 Kamitsu-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0052, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Yura
- Department of Complex and Intelligent Systems, School of Systems Information Science, Future University Hakodate, 116-2 Kamedanakano-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8655, Japan
| | - Jun Mada
- College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 2-11-1 Shin-ei, Narashino, Chiba 275-8576, Japan
| | - Kei Sugahara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuri Kominami
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-865, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ushijima
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoko Takubo
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideto Tozawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Kanai
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Tokihiro
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Graduate School of Mathematical Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8914, Japan
- Department of Mathematical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Musashino University, 3-3-3 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8181, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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Davidson LA, Lowery LA. Imaging Methods in Xenopus Cells, Embryos, and Tadpoles. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2022; 2022:Pdb.top105627. [PMID: 34244350 PMCID: PMC9476831 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top105627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus is an excellent vertebrate model system ideally suited for a wide range of imaging methods designed to investigate cell and developmental biology processes. The individual cells of Xenopus are much larger than those in many other vertebrate model systems, such that both cell behavior and subcellular processes can more easily be observed and resolved. Gene function in Xenopus can be manipulated and visualized using a variety of approaches, and the embryonic fate map is stereotypical, such that microinjections can target specific tissues and cell types during development. Tissues, organotypic explants, and individual cells can also be mounted in stable chambers and cultured easily in simple salt solutions without cumbersome environmental controls. Furthermore, Xenopus embryonic tissues can be microsurgically isolated and shaped to expose cell behaviors and protein dynamics in any regions of the embryo to high-resolution live-cell imaging. The combination of these attributes makes Xenopus a powerful system for understanding cell and developmental processes as well as disease mechanisms, through quantitative analysis of protein dynamics, cell movements, tissue morphogenesis, and regeneration. Here, we introduce various methods, of both fixed and living tissues, for visualizing Xenopus cells, embryos, and tadpoles. Specifically, we highlight protocol updates for whole-mount in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence, as well as robust live imaging approaches including methods for optimizing the time-lapse imaging of whole embryos and explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance A Davidson
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Laura Anne Lowery
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Baldwin AT, Kim J, Seo H, Wallingford JB. Global analysis of cell behavior and protein localization dynamics reveals region-specific functions for Shroom3 and N-cadherin during neural tube closure. eLife 2022; 11:66704. [PMID: 35244026 PMCID: PMC9010020 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Failures of neural tube closure are common and serious birth defects, yet we have a poor understanding of the interaction of genetics and cell biology during neural tube closure. Additionally, mutations that cause neural tube defects (NTDs) tend to affect anterior or posterior regions of the neural tube but rarely both, indicating a regional specificity to NTD genetics. To better understand the regional specificity of cell behaviors during neural tube closure, we analyzed the dynamic localization of actin and N-cadherin via high-resolution tissue-level time-lapse microscopy during Xenopus neural tube closure. To investigate the regionality of gene function, we generated mosaic mutations in shroom3, a key regulator or neural tube closure. This new analytical approach elucidates several differences between cell behaviors during cranial/anterior and spinal/posterior neural tube closure, provides mechanistic insight into the function of shroom3, and demonstrates the ability of tissue-level imaging and analysis to generate cell biological mechanistic insights into neural tube closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Juliana Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Hyemin Seo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
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