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Carlotto N, Robles-Luna G, Nedo A, Wang X, Attorresi A, Caplan J, Lee JY, Kobayashi K. Evidence for reduced plasmodesmata callose accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves with increased symplastic cell-to-cell communication caused by RNA processing defects of chloroplasts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 179:58-64. [PMID: 35313145 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RNA processing defects in chloroplasts were previously associated with increased plasmodesmata (PD) permeability. However, the underlying mechanisms for such association are still unknown. To provide insight into this, we silenced the expression of chloroplast-located INCREASED SIZE EXCLUSION LIMIT 2 (ISE2) RNA helicase in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and determined an increase in PD permeability which is caused by a reduction of PD callose deposition. Moreover, the silencing of two other nuclear genes encoding chloroplastic enzymes involved in RNA processing, RH3, and CLPR2, also increased PD permeability accompanied by reduced callose accumulation at PD. In addition, we quantified the plastidic hydrogen peroxide levels using the chloroplast-targeted fluorescent sensor, HyPer, in ISE2, RH3, and CLPR2 silenced N. benthamiana leaves. The levels of chloroplastic hydrogen peroxide were not correlated with the increased cell-to-cell movement of the marker protein GFP2X. We, therefore, propose that defects in chloroplast RNA metabolism mediate PD gating by suppressing PD callose deposition, and hydrogen peroxide levels in the organelles are not directly linked to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Carlotto
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular - Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Aplicada, FCEN UBA - CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1428, EGA, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Robles-Luna
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, 19711, USA
| | - Alexander Nedo
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, 19711, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, 19711, USA; Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany
| | - Alejandra Attorresi
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) -CONICET- Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1425, FQD, Argentina
| | - Jeffrey Caplan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, 19711, USA
| | - Jung Y Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, 19711, USA
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular - Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Aplicada, FCEN UBA - CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1428, EGA, Argentina.
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Lodovichi C, Ratto GM, Trevelyan AJ, Arosio D. Genetically encoded sensors for Chloride concentration. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 368:109455. [PMID: 34952088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insights into chloride regulation in neurons have come slowly, but they are likely to be critical for our understanding of how the brain works. The reason is that the intracellular Cl- level ([Cl-]i) is the key determinant of synaptic inhibitory function, and this in turn dictates all manner of neuronal network function. The true impact on the network will only be apparent, however, if Cl- is measured at many locations at once (multiple neurons, and also across the subcellular compartments of single neurons), which realistically, can only be achieved using imaging. The development of genetically-encoded anion biosensors (GABs) brings the additional benefit that Cl- imaging may be done in identified cell-classes and hopefully in subcellular compartments. Here, we describe the historical background and motivation behind the development of these sensors and how they have been used so far. There are, however, still major limitations for their use, the most important being the fact that all GABs are sensitive to both pH and Cl-. Disambiguating the two signals has proved a major challenge, but there are potential solutions; notable among these is ClopHensor, which has now been developed for in vivo measurements of both ion species. We also speculate on how these biosensors may yet be improved, and how this could advance our understanding of Cl- regulation and its impact on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lodovichi
- Neuroscience Institute-CNR, Depart. Biomedical Sciences, Unipd, Padova, Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova Neuroscience Center, Padova, Italy.
| | - Gian Michele Ratto
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrew J Trevelyan
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniele Arosio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Biofisica, 38123 Trento, Italy.
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Smith EN, Schwarzländer M, Ratcliffe RG, Kruger NJ. Shining a light on NAD- and NADP-based metabolism in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:1072-1086. [PMID: 34281784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The pyridine nucleotides nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD(H)] and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NADP(H)] simultaneously act as energy transducers, signalling molecules, and redox couples. Recent research into photosynthetic optimisation, photorespiration, immunity, hypoxia/oxygen signalling, development, and post-harvest metabolism have all identified pyridine nucleotides as key metabolites. Further understanding will require accurate description of NAD(P)(H) metabolism, and genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors have recently become available for this purpose. Although these biosensors have begun to provide novel biological insights, their limitations must be considered and the information they provide appropriately interpreted. We provide a framework for understanding NAD(P)(H) metabolism and explore what fluorescent biosensors can, and cannot, tell us about plant biology, looking ahead to the pressing questions that could be answered with further development of these tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward N Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK; Current address: Department of Molecular Systems Biology, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Nicholas J Kruger
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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Review of Wearable Devices and Data Collection Considerations for Connected Health. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165589. [PMID: 34451032 PMCID: PMC8402237 DOI: 10.3390/s21165589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Wearable sensor technology has gradually extended its usability into a wide range of well-known applications. Wearable sensors can typically assess and quantify the wearer’s physiology and are commonly employed for human activity detection and quantified self-assessment. Wearable sensors are increasingly utilised to monitor patient health, rapidly assist with disease diagnosis, and help predict and often improve patient outcomes. Clinicians use various self-report questionnaires and well-known tests to report patient symptoms and assess their functional ability. These assessments are time consuming and costly and depend on subjective patient recall. Moreover, measurements may not accurately demonstrate the patient’s functional ability whilst at home. Wearable sensors can be used to detect and quantify specific movements in different applications. The volume of data collected by wearable sensors during long-term assessment of ambulatory movement can become immense in tuple size. This paper discusses current techniques used to track and record various human body movements, as well as techniques used to measure activity and sleep from long-term data collected by wearable technology devices.
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