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Zhang J, Dong KL, Ren MZ, Wang ZW, Li JH, Sun WJ, Zhao X, Fu XX, Ye JF, Liu B, Zhang DM, Wang MZ, Zeng G, Niu YT, Lu LM, Su JX, Liu ZJ, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Chen ZD. Coping with alpine habitats: genomic insights into the adaptation strategies of Triplostegia glandulifera (Caprifoliaceae). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae077. [PMID: 38779140 PMCID: PMC11109519 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
How plants find a way to thrive in alpine habitats remains largely unknown. Here we present a chromosome-level genome assembly for an alpine medicinal herb, Triplostegia glandulifera (Caprifoliaceae), and 13 transcriptomes from other species of Dipsacales. We detected a whole-genome duplication event in T. glandulifera that occurred prior to the diversification of Dipsacales. Preferential gene retention after whole-genome duplication was found to contribute to increasing cold-related genes in T. glandulifera. A series of genes putatively associated with alpine adaptation (e.g. CBFs, ERF-VIIs, and RAD51C) exhibited higher expression levels in T. glandulifera than in its low-elevation relative, Lonicera japonica. Comparative genomic analysis among five pairs of high- vs low-elevation species, including a comparison of T. glandulifera and L. japonica, indicated that the gene families related to disease resistance experienced a significantly convergent contraction in alpine plants compared with their lowland relatives. The reduction in gene repertory size was largely concentrated in clades of genes for pathogen recognition (e.g. CNLs, prRLPs, and XII RLKs), while the clades for signal transduction and development remained nearly unchanged. This finding reflects an energy-saving strategy for survival in hostile alpine areas, where there is a tradeoff with less challenge from pathogens and limited resources for growth. We also identified candidate genes for alpine adaptation (e.g. RAD1, DMC1, and MSH3) that were under convergent positive selection or that exhibited a convergent acceleration in evolutionary rate in the investigated alpine plants. Overall, our study provides novel insights into the high-elevation adaptation strategies of this and other alpine plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Kai-Lin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Miao-Zhen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Wang
- PubBio-Tech Services Corporation, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian-Hua Li
- Biology Department, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, USA
| | - Wen-Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- PubBio-Tech Services Corporation, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xin-Xing Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jian-Fei Ye
- School of Ecology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Da-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Mo-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Gang Zeng
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun 666303, China
| | - Yan-Ting Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Li-Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jun-Xia Su
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800, USA
| | - Zhi-Duan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Singh HC, Tiwari V, Tiwari A, Rana TS. Development of EST-SSR markers in Bergenia ciliata using de novo transcriptome sequencing. Genome 2024; 67:119-124. [PMID: 38091581 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2023-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. is an important herb predominantly found in the Indian Himalayan Region. It is widely used in medicines, healthcare systems, cosmetics, fodder, and ornamental purposes. The Illumina sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly were carried out in B. ciliata to develop and identify simple sequence repeat markers. A total of 18 226 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified wherein di-nucleotides were found to be abundant (47.88%), followed by mono-nucleotide (35.03%) and tri-nucleotide (15.88%) repeats. A total of 11 839 EST-SSR primers were designed, of which 96 primer pairs were commercially synthesized. Finally, 17 primer pairs revealed clear, distinct polymorphic bands, and these primers were validated with 40 diverse B. ciliata accessions. The present study revealed moderate level of genetic diversity (Ho = 0.389, He = 0.542, and PIC = 0.513). Furthermore, the transcriptome data and EST-SSR markers generated during the present investigation could be an important genetic resource for functional genomics, population studies, and conservation genetics of the genus Bergenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Chandra Singh
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior-474011, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vandana Tiwari
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avinash Tiwari
- School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior-474011, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Tikam S Rana
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Li Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Li Y, Gou M. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the toxic effects of dimethoate on green vegetable soya bean seedlings. Gene 2024; 891:147799. [PMID: 37739194 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The insecticide dimethoate, an organophosphate, has been used on crops, soybeans, fruits, and vegetables since the 1960s and is considered one of the most widely used pesticides. However, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of dimethoate in crops, especially crop seedlings, is still limited. The green vegetable soya bean (Glycine max merr) is usually used as a vegetable-like fruit of soybean in many Asian countries. This study aimed to analyze the effect of dimethoate on the growth of green vegetable soya bean seedlings at the metabolic and transcriptional levels. An integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome was performed to determine the responses of green vegetable soya bean seedlings to different concentrations (D1 for low dose, D2 for high dose and C for control) of dimethoate. In omics analyses, 4156 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1935 differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) were identified in the D1/C comparison, and 11,162 DEGs and 819 DAMs were identified in D2/C. Correlation analyses revealed dimethoate affected the metabolic pathways of green vegetable soya beans such as the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and microbial metabolism in diverse environmental pathways, demonstrating that even small doses of dimethoate can affect green vegetable soya bean seedlings in a short period of time. Our study further enriches our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which green vegetable soya beans are treated with dimethoate and provides a deeper understanding of the effects of dimethoate on crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Li
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, China
| | - Linqing Zhang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Meng Gou
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
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Feng M, Chen C, Qu-Bie J, Qu-Bie A, Bao X, Cui Q, Yan X, Li Y, Liu Y, Zhang S. Metabolome and transcriptome associated analysis of sesquiterpenoid metabolism in Nardostachys jatamansi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1041321. [PMID: 36523614 PMCID: PMC9746346 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1041321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nardostachys jatamansi, an extremely endangered valuable plant of the alpine Himalayas, can synthesize specific sesquiterpenoids with multiple effective therapies and is widely exploited for the preparation of drugs, cosmetics and even religious functions (e.g., well-known spikenard). However, how accumulation trend of the sesquiterpenoids in tissues and the molecular mechanisms underlying the production of the active ingredients are not well understood. METHODS The single-molecule real-time (SMRT) and RNA-seq transcriptome sequencing were combined to analyse the roots, rhizomes, leaves, flowers and anthocaulus of N. jatamansi. The phytochemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC‒MS) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). RESULTS A high-quality full-length reference transcriptome with 26,503 unigenes was generated for the first time. For volatile components, a total of sixty-five compounds were successfully identified, including fifty sesquiterpenoids. Their accumulation levels in five tissues were significantly varied, and most of the sesquiterpenoids were mainly enriched in roots and rhizomes. In addition, five aromatic compounds were only detected in flowers, which may help the plant attract insects for pollination. For nonvolatile ingredients, nardosinone-type sesquiterpenoids (nardosinone, kanshone C, and isonardosinone) were detected almost exclusively in roots and rhizomes. The candidate genes associated with sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis were identified by transcriptome analysis. Consistently, it was found that most biosynthesis genes were abundantly expressed in the roots and rhizomes according to the functional enrichment and expression patterns results. There was a positive correlation between the expression profile of genes related to the biosynthesis and the accumulation level of sesquiterpenoids in tissues. Gene family function analysis identified 28 NjTPSs and 43 NjCYPs that may be involved in the biosynthesis of the corresponding sesquiterpenoids. Furthermore, gene family functional analysis and gene coexpression network analysis revealed 28 NjTPSs and 43 NjCYPs associated with nardosinone-type sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis. CONCLUSION Our research results reveal the framework of sesquiterpenoids accumulation and biosynthesis in plant tissues and provide valuable support for further studies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of sesquiterpenoid regulation and accumulation in N. jatamansi and will also contribute to the comprehensive utilization of this alpine plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkang Feng
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junzhang Qu-Bie
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Axiang Qu-Bie
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- Analysis and Application Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Cui
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinjia Yan
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaoshan Zhang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
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Yang L, Yang Y, Huang L, Cui X, Liu Y. From single- to multi-omics: future research trends in medicinal plants. Brief Bioinform 2022; 24:6840072. [PMID: 36416120 PMCID: PMC9851310 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are the main source of natural metabolites with specialised pharmacological activities and have been widely examined by plant researchers. Numerous omics studies of medicinal plants have been performed to identify molecular markers of species and functional genes controlling key biological traits, as well as to understand biosynthetic pathways of bioactive metabolites and the regulatory mechanisms of environmental responses. Omics technologies have been widely applied to medicinal plants, including as taxonomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, genomics, pangenomics, epigenomics and mutagenomics. However, because of the complex biological regulation network, single omics usually fail to explain the specific biological phenomena. In recent years, reports of integrated multi-omics studies of medicinal plants have increased. Until now, there have few assessments of recent developments and upcoming trends in omics studies of medicinal plants. We highlight recent developments in omics research of medicinal plants, summarise the typical bioinformatics resources available for analysing omics datasets, and discuss related future directions and challenges. This information facilitates further studies of medicinal plants, refinement of current approaches and leads to new ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Yang
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- the academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, studies the development of traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Corresponding authors. X. M. Cui, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China. E-mail: ; Y. Liu, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China. E-mail:
| | - Yuan Liu
- Corresponding authors. X. M. Cui, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China. E-mail: ; Y. Liu, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China. E-mail:
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Joshi S, Dar AI, Acharya A, Joshi R. Charged Gold Nanoparticles Promote In Vitro Proliferation in Nardostachys jatamansi by Differentially Regulating Chlorophyll Content, Hormone Concentration, and Antioxidant Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101962. [PMID: 36290684 PMCID: PMC9598260 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nardostachys jatamansi is a critically endangered medicinal plant and endemic to the Himalayas, having high commercial demand globally. The accumulation of various secondary metabolites in its shoots and roots with antioxidant potential are well-documented in traditional as well as modern medicine systems. In the present study, we first attempted to investigate the impact of citrate (−ve charge, 11.1 ± 1.9 nm) and CTAB (+ve charge, 19.5 ± 3.2 nm) coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the in vitro proliferation and antioxidant activities of N. jatamansi. Both the nanoparticles differentially affected the morphological and biochemical parameters, chlorophyll content, internal hormone concentration, and antioxidant activities in a concentration-dependent (10–100 µM) manner. Vigorous shooting was observed in half strength MS medium supplemented with IAA (1 mg/L) with 60 µM citrate-AuNPs (46.4 ± 3.7 mm) and 40 µM CTAB-AuNPs (42.2 ± 3.2 mm). Similarly, the maximum number of roots (5.00 ± 0.67 and 5.33 ± 0.58) and root length (29.9 ± 1.5 mm and 27.3 ± 4.8 mm) was reported in half-strength MS medium with IAA (1 mg/L) supplemented with 60 µM citrate-AuNPs and 40 µM CTAB-AuNPs, respectively. In addition, plants growing on MS medium supplemented with 60 µM citrate-AuNPs and 40 µM CTAB-AuNPs showed significantly enhanced photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, and total chlorophyll), internal hormone concentration (GA3, IAA, and ABA), and antioxidant activities (total phenolics, flavonoids, DPPH, and SOD enzyme activity). Moreover, the transcript analysis of ANR1, ARF18, PLY9, SAUR28, GID1A, GRF1, SOD, and CAT further confirmed the role of 60 µM citrate-AuNPs and 40 µM CTAB-AuNPs in the improvement in the growth and antioxidant activities of N. jatamansi. Bearing in mind the urgent requirements of the effective conservation measures of this endangered species, the present findings suggest the elicitation of citrate-AuNPs and CTAB-AuNPs would significantly improve the potential applications of N. jatamansi in the medicinal plant-based industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Joshi
- Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aqib I. Dar
- Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amitabha Acharya
- Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Joshi
- Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: or
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Quantitative Comparison of the Marker Compounds in Different Medicinal Parts of Morus alba L. Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector with Chemometric Analysis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235592. [PMID: 33261214 PMCID: PMC7730820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is thought that the therapeutic efficacy of Morus alba L. is determined by its biological compounds. We investigated the chemical differences in the medicinal parts of M. alba by analyzing a total of 57 samples (15 root barks, 11 twigs, 12 fruits, and 19 leaves). Twelve marker compounds, including seven flavonoids, two stilbenoids, two phenolic acids, and a coumarin, were quantitatively analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector and chemometric analyses (principal component and heatmap analysis). The results demonstrated that the levels and compositions of the marker compounds varied in each medicinal part. The leaves contained higher levels of six compounds, the root barks contained higher levels of four compounds, and the twigs contained higher levels of two compounds. The results of chemometric analysis showed clustering of the samples according to the medicinal part, with the marker compounds strongly associated with each part: mulberroside A, taxifolin, kuwanon G, and morusin for the root barks; 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and oxyresveratrol for the twigs and skimmin; chlorogenic acid, rutin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, and quercitrin for the leaves. Our approach plays a fundamental role in the quality evaluation and further understanding of biological actions of herbal medicines derived from various medicinal plant parts.
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