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Wahid B, Tiwana MS. Bacteriophage-based bioassays: an expected paradigm shift in microbial diagnostics. Future Microbiol 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38900594 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages, as abundant and specific agents, hold significant promise as a solution to combat the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance. Their unique ability to selectively lyse bacterial cells without harming humans makes them a compelling alternative to traditional antibiotics and point-of-care diagnostics. The article reviews the current landscape of diagnostic technologies, identify gaps and highlight emerging possibilities demonstrates a comprehensive approach to advancing clinical diagnosis of microbial pathogens and covers an overview of existing phage-based bioassays. Overall, the provided data in this review effectively communicates the potential of bacteriophages in transforming therapeutic and diagnostic paradigms, offering a holistic perspective on the benefits and opportunities they present in combating microbial infections and enhancing public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braira Wahid
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton VIC Australia
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2
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Oslan SNH, Yusof NY, Lim SJ, Ahmad NH. Rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella in agro-Food and environmental samples: A review of advances in rapid tests and biosensors. J Microbiol Methods 2024; 219:106897. [PMID: 38342249 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2024.106897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella is as an intracellular bacterium, causing many human fatalities when the host-specific serotypes reach the host gastrointestinal tract. Nontyphoidal Salmonella are responsible for numerous foodborne outbreaks and product recalls worldwide whereas typhoidal Salmonella are responsible for Typhoid fever cases in developing countries. Yet, Salmonella-related foodborne disease outbreaks through its food and water contaminations have urged the advancement of rapid and sensitive Salmonella-detecting methods for public health protection. While conventional detection methods are time-consuming and ineffective for monitoring foodstuffs with short shelf lives, advances in microbiology, molecular biology and biosensor methods have hastened the detection. Here, the review discusses Salmonella pathogenic mechanisms and its detection technology advancements (fundamental concepts, features, implementations, efficiency, benefits, limitations and prospects). The time-efficiency of each rapid test method is discussed in relation to their limit of detections (LODs) and time required from sample enrichment to final data analysis. Importantly, the matrix effects (LODs and sample enrichments) were compared within the methods to potentially speculate Salmonella detection from environmental, clinical or food matrices using certain techniques. Although biotechnological advancements have led to various time-efficient Salmonella-detecting techniques, one should consider the usage of sophisticated equipment to run the analysis by moderately to highly trained personnel. Ultimately, a fast, accurate Salmonella screening that is readily executed by untrained personnels from various matrices, is desired for public health procurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nur Hazwani Oslan
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; Food Security Research Laboratory, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Nik Yusnoraini Yusof
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Si Jie Lim
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Hawa Ahmad
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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3
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Harris EB, Ewool KKK, Bowden LC, Fierro J, Johnson D, Meinzer M, Tayler S, Grose JH. Genomic and Proteomic Analysis of Six Vi01-like Phages Reveals Wide Host Range and Multiple Tail Spike Proteins. Viruses 2024; 16:289. [PMID: 38400064 PMCID: PMC10892097 DOI: 10.3390/v16020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterobacteriaceae is a large family of Gram-negative bacteria composed of many pathogens, including Salmonella and Shigella. Here, we characterize six bacteriophages that infect Enterobacteriaceae, which were isolated from wastewater plants in the Wasatch front (Utah, United States). These phages are highly similar to the Kuttervirus vB_SenM_Vi01 (Vi01), which was isolated using wastewater from Kiel, Germany. The phages vary little in genome size and are between 157 kb and 164 kb, which is consistent with the sizes of other phages in the Vi01-like phage family. These six phages were characterized through genomic and proteomic comparison, mass spectrometry, and both laboratory and clinical host range studies. While their proteomes are largely unstudied, mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the production of five hypothetical proteins, several of which unveiled a potential operon that suggests a ferritin-mediated entry system on the Vi01-like phage family tail. However, no dependence on this pathway was observed for the single host tested herein. While unable to infect every genus of Enterobacteriaceae tested, these phages are extraordinarily broad ranged, with several demonstrating the ability to infect Salmonella enterica and Citrobacter freundii strains with generally high efficiency, as well as several clinical Salmonella enterica isolates, most likely due to their multiple tail fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julianne H. Grose
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA; (E.B.H.); (K.K.K.E.)
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4
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Gil J, Paulson J, Zahn H, Brown M, Nguyen MM, Erickson S. Development of a Replication-Deficient Bacteriophage Reporter Lacking an Essential Baseplate Wedge Subunit. Viruses 2023; 16:8. [PMID: 38275943 PMCID: PMC10821221 DOI: 10.3390/v16010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Engineered bacteriophages (phages) can be effective diagnostic reporters for detecting a variety of bacterial pathogens. Although a promising biotechnology, the large-scale use of these reporters may result in the unintentional release of genetically modified viruses. In order to limit the potential environmental impact, the ability of these phages to propagate outside the laboratory was targeted. The phage SEA1 has been previously engineered to facilitate food safety as an accurate and sensitive reporter for Salmonella contamination. In this study, homologous recombination was used to replace the expression of an essential baseplate wedge subunit (gp141) in SEA1 with a luciferase, NanoLuc®. This reporter, referred to as SEA1Δgp141.NL, demonstrated a loss of plaque formation and a failure to increase in titer following infection of Salmonella. SEA1Δgp141.NL was thus incapable of producing infectious progeny in the absence of gp141. In contrast, production of high titer stocks was possible when gp141 was artificially supplied in trans during infection. As a reporter, SEA1Δgp141.NL facilitated rapid, sensitive, and robust detection of Salmonella despite an inability to replicate. These results suggest that replication-deficient reporter phages are an effective method to obtain improved containment without sacrificing significant performance or the ease of production associated with many phage-based diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Gil
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Los Angeles, CA 90062, USA;
| | - John Paulson
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, New Brighton, MN 55112, USA; (J.P.); (H.Z.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Henriett Zahn
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, New Brighton, MN 55112, USA; (J.P.); (H.Z.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Matthew Brown
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Burlington, NC 27215, USA;
| | - Minh M. Nguyen
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, New Brighton, MN 55112, USA; (J.P.); (H.Z.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Stephen Erickson
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, New Brighton, MN 55112, USA; (J.P.); (H.Z.); (M.M.N.)
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5
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Reta GG, Lopes SM, Martins de Aquino NS, Tondo EC. Quantification of Salmonella transfer in cross-contamination scenarios found in chicken slaughterhouses. Food Microbiol 2023; 116:104347. [PMID: 37689416 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Chicken are among the main reservoirs of Salmonella, and slaughterhouses have been identified as key sites for cross-contamination of this pathogen. This study aimed to quantify the transfer rate of Salmonella in different cross-contamination scenarios found in chicken slaughterhouses. To this end, a pool of Salmonella spp. Was inoculated onto chicken carcasses and thighs, reaching out concentrations of 2-5 log10 CFU/g. After inoculation, carcasses and thighs were used to reproduce four cross-contamination scenarios based on industrial reality as follows: 1. Transfer of Salmonella from chicken carcasses to stainless steel and polyethylene surfaces; 2. Transfer of Salmonella between hanging chicken carcasses; 3. Transfer of Salmonella from stainless steel surfaces to chicken carcasses, and 4. Transfer of Salmonella from thighs to stainless steel and polyethylene surfaces. The results showed that the transfer rates (TR) of Salmonella on the chicken carcass to stainless steel and polyethylene were 25.77 ± 22.63% and 24.71 ± 13.93%, respectively, while the TR between hanged chicken carcasses was 5.11 ± 1.71%. When sliding carcasses through a stainless steel ramp, 41.47 ± 1.32% of the Salmonella present on the ramp adhered to the chicken carcasses, and the greater transfer seems to be linked to the wet surfaces. The transfer rates from the thighs to the stainless steel and polyethylene were 1.81 ± 0.66% and 9.0 ± 1.34%, respectively. Cross-contamination occurred regardless of the sample weight, time of contact, and amount of inoculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Giugliani Reta
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Controle De Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil. Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 - Campus Do Vale - Prédio 43212, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Stefani Machado Lopes
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Controle De Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil. Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 - Campus Do Vale - Prédio 43212, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathanyelle Soraya Martins de Aquino
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Controle De Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil. Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 - Campus Do Vale - Prédio 43212, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Cesar Tondo
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Controle De Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil. Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 - Campus Do Vale - Prédio 43212, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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6
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Prasad A, Khan S, Monteiro JK, Li J, Arshad F, Ladouceur L, Tian L, Shakeri A, Filipe CDM, Li Y, Didar TF. Advancing In Situ Food Monitoring through a Smart Lab-in-a-Package System Demonstrated by the Detection of Salmonella in Whole Chicken. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302641. [PMID: 37358057 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
With food production shifting away from traditional farm-to-table approaches to efficient multistep supply chains, the incidence of food contamination has increased. Consequently, pathogen testing via inefficient culture-based methods has increased, despite its lack of real-time capabilities and need for centralized facilities. While in situ pathogen detection would address these limitations and enable individual product monitoring, accurate detection within unprocessed, packaged food products without user manipulation has proven elusive. Herein, "Lab-in-a-Package" is presented, a platform capable of sampling, concentrating, and detecting target pathogens within closed food packaging, without intervention. This system consists of a newly designed packaging tray and reagent-infused membrane that can be paired universally with diverse pathogen sensors. The inclined food packaging tray maximizes fluid localization onto the sensing interface, while the membrane acts as a reagent-immobilizing matrix and an antifouling barrier for the sensor. The platform is substantiated using a newly discovered Salmonella-responsive nucleic acid probe, which enables hands-free detection of 103 colony forming units (CFU) g-1 target pathogen in a packaged whole chicken. The platform remains effective when contamination is introduced with toolsand surfaces, ensuring widespread efficacy. Its real-world use for in situ detection is simulated using a handheld fluorescence scanner with smartphone connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Prasad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Shadman Khan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Jonathan K Monteiro
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jiuxing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Fatima Arshad
- School of Interdisciplinary Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Liane Ladouceur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Amid Shakeri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Carlos D M Filipe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Yingfu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Tohid F Didar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
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7
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Zhuang L, Gong J, Shen Q, Yang J, Song C, Liu Q, Zhao B, Zhang Y, Zhu M. Advances in detection methods for viable Salmonella spp.: current applications and challenges. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:1643-1660. [PMID: 37378821 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a common intestinal pathogen that can cause food poisoning and intestinal disease. The high prevalence of Salmonella necessitates efficient and sensitive methods for its identification, detection, and monitoring, especially of viable Salmonella. Conventional culture methods need to be more laborious and time-consuming. And they are relatively limited in their ability to detect Salmonella in the viable but non-culturable status if present in the sample to be tested. As a result, there is an increasing need for rapid and accurate techniques to detect viable Salmonella spp. This paper reviewed the status and progress of various methods reported in recent years that can be used to detect viable Salmonella, such as culture-based methods, molecular methods targeting RNAs and DNAs, phage-based methods, biosensors, and some techniques that have the potential for future application. This review can provide researchers with a reference for additional method options and help facilitate the development of rapid and accurate assays. In the future, viable Salmonella detection approaches will become more stable, sensitive, and fast and are expected to play a more significant role in food safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhuang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansen Gong
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, 225125, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuping Shen
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Song
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxin Liu
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengling Zhu
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China.
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Baskaran V, Karthik L. Phages for treatment of Salmonella spp infection. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 200:241-273. [PMID: 37739557 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella, is one of the bacterial genera having more than 2500 serogroups is one of the most prominent food borne pathogen that is capable of causing disease out breaks among humans and animals. Recent reports clearly shows that this pathogen is evolved and it developed drug resistant towards most of the commercially available antibiotics. In order to overcome this emerging resistance, Bacteriophage therapy is one of the alternative solutions. It is more pathogen specific, high potency, and thereby highly safe for consumption. This chapter discuss about Rapid screening and Detection Methods Associated with Bacteriophage for Salmonella, commercially available phage products and regulatory status, Salmonella endolysins and future prospects of phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Baskaran
- R and D, Salem Microbes Private Limited, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - L Karthik
- R and D, Salem Microbes Private Limited, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Tailoring the Host Range of Ackermannviridae Bacteriophages through Chimeric Tailspike Proteins. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020286. [PMID: 36851500 PMCID: PMC9965104 DOI: 10.3390/v15020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Host range is a major determinant in the industrial utility of a bacteriophage. A model host range permits broad recognition across serovars of a target bacterium while avoiding cross-reactivity with commensal microbiota. Searching for a naturally occurring bacteriophage with ideal host ranges is challenging, time-consuming, and restrictive. To address this, SPTD1.NL, a previously published luciferase reporter bacteriophage for Salmonella, was used to investigate manipulation of host range through receptor-binding protein engineering. Similar to related members of the Ackermannviridae bacteriophage family, SPTD1.NL possessed a receptor-binding protein gene cluster encoding four tailspike proteins, TSP1-4. Investigation of the native gene cluster through chimeric proteins identified TSP3 as the tailspike protein responsible for Salmonella detection. Further analysis of chimeric phages revealed that TSP2 contributed off-target Citrobacter recognition, whereas TSP1 and TSP4 were not essential for activity against any known host. To improve the host range of SPTD1.NL, TSP1 and TSP2 were sequentially replaced with chimeric receptor-binding proteins targeting Salmonella. This engineered construct, called RBP-SPTD1-3, was a superior diagnostic reporter, sensitively detecting additional Salmonella serovars while also demonstrating improved specificity. For industrial applications, bacteriophages of the Ackermannviridae family are thus uniquely versatile and may be engineered with multiple chimeric receptor-binding proteins to achieve a custom-tailored host range.
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Hyla K, Dusza I, Skaradzińska A. Recent Advances in the Application of Bacteriophages against Common Foodborne Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1536. [PMID: 36358191 PMCID: PMC9686946 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage potential in combating bacterial pathogens has been recognized nearly since the moment of discovery of these viruses at the beginning of the 20th century. Interest in phage application, which initially focused on medical treatments, rapidly spread throughout different biotechnological and industrial fields. This includes the food safety sector in which the presence of pathogens poses an explicit threat to consumers. This is also the field in which commercialization of phage-based products shows the greatest progress. Application of bacteriophages has gained special attention particularly in recent years, presumably due to the potential of conventional antibacterial strategies being exhausted. In this review, we present recent findings regarding phage application in fighting major foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Yersinia spp., Campylobacter jejuni and Listeria monocytogenes. We also discuss advantages of bacteriophage use and challenges facing phage-based antibacterial strategies, particularly in the context of their widespread application in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aneta Skaradzińska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
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11
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Brown M, Hall A, Zahn H, Eisenberg M, Erickson S. Bacteriophage-Based Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Human Serum. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081748. [PMID: 36016370 PMCID: PMC9416288 DOI: 10.3390/v14081748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages have been investigated for clinical utility, both as diagnostic tools and as therapeutic interventions. In order to be applied successfully, a detailed understanding of the influence of the human matrix on the interaction between bacteriophage and the host bacterium is required. In this study, a cocktail of luciferase bacteriophage reporters was assessed for functionality in a matrix containing human serum and spiked with Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition of signal and loss of sensitivity was evident with minimal amounts of serum. This phenotype was independent of bacterial growth and bacteriophage viability. Serum-mediated loss of signal was common, albeit not universal, among S. aureus strains. Immunoglobulin G was identified as an inhibitory component and partial inhibition was observed with both the f(ab’)2 and Fc region. A modified bacteriophage cocktail containing recombinant protein A was developed, which substantially improved signal without the need for additional sample purification. This study highlights the importance of assessing bacteriophage activity in relevant host matrices. Furthermore, it identifies an effective solution, recombinant protein A, for promoting bacteriophage-based detection of S. aureus in matrices containing human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Brown
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Burlington, NC 27215, USA
| | - Alex Hall
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Burlington, NC 27215, USA
| | - Henriett Zahn
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, New Brighton, MN 55112, USA
| | - Marcia Eisenberg
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Burlington, NC 27215, USA
| | - Stephen Erickson
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, New Brighton, MN 55112, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Ye J, Guo J, Li T, Tian J, Yu M, Wang X, Majeed U, Song W, Xiao J, Luo Y, Yue T. Phage-based technologies for highly sensitive luminescent detection of foodborne pathogens and microbial toxins: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1843-1867. [PMID: 35142431 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens and microbial toxins are the main causes of foodborne illness. However, trace pathogens and toxins in foods are difficult to detect. Thus, techniques for their rapid and sensitive identification and quantification are urgently needed. Phages can specifically recognize and adhere to certain species of microbes or toxins due to molecular complementation between capsid proteins of phages and receptors on the host cell wall or toxins, and thus they have been successfully developed into a detection platform for pathogens and toxins. This review presents an update on phage-based luminescent detection technologies as well as their working principles and characteristics. Based on phage display techniques of temperate phages, reporter gene detection assays have been designed to sensitively detect trace pathogens by luminous intensity. By the host-specific lytic effects of virulent phages, enzyme-catalyzed chemiluminescent detection technologies for pathogens have been exploited. Notably, these phage-based luminescent detection technologies can discriminate viable versus dead microbes. Further, highly selective and sensitive immune-based assays have been developed to detect trace toxins qualitatively and quantitatively via antibody analogs displayed by phages, such as phage-ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and phage-IPCR (immuno-polymerase chain reaction). This literature research may lead to novel and innocuous phage-based rapid detection technologies to ensure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Ye
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaqing Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tairan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaxin Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengxi Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Usman Majeed
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Yane Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Kumaravel S, Jian SE, Huang ST, Huang CH, Hong WZ. Convenient and ultrasensitive detection of live Salmonella using ratiometric electrochemical molecular substrates. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1190:339244. [PMID: 34857137 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella contamination is a major concern in food and public health safety, and carrying out episodic monitoring of Salmonella contamination in food and water bodies is essential for safeguarding public health and the economy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an easy-to-operate Salmonella-targeting point-of-care detection platform. To this end, we designed two activity-based latent ratiometric electrochemical molecular substrates, denoted as Sal-CAF and Sal-NBAF, specifically for achieving easy, rapid, and selective profiling of Salmonella esterase (a Salmonella biomarker) under physiological conditions. The octyl esters of the substrates were cleaved by the esterase and triggered the trimethyl lock to eject the electron-rich aminoferrocene derivatives (CAF and NBAF), and the corresponding electrochemical signals were tracked at the negative region (-0.08 V vs Ag/AgCl) of the voltammetric spectrum. The Sal-CAF substrate was used to determine the concentration of Salmonella in a wide dynamic range (1.03 × 105-1.1 × 1010 CFU mL-1) with a low detection limit of 39.27 × 103 CFU mL-1. The developed probes were tested against various bacteria but were only activated by live Salmonella. Furthermore, the Sal-CAF probe was used directly in quantifying spiked live Salmonella spiked in milk samples and also used to effectively monitor and quantify Salmonella production in real-time. These achievements indicated the Sal-CAF probe to be a promising platform for point-of-care Salmonella analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Kumaravel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-En Jian
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tung Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hung Huang
- Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zhe Hong
- Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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14
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Erickson S, Paulson J, Brown M, Hahn W, Gil J, Barron-Montenegro R, Moreno-Switt AI, Eisenberg M, Nguyen MM. Isolation and engineering of a Listeria grayi bacteriophage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18947. [PMID: 34556683 PMCID: PMC8460666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of bacteriophages capable of infecting the Listeria species, Listeria grayi, is academically intriguing and presents an obstacle to the development of bacteriophage-based technologies for Listeria. We describe the isolation and engineering of a novel L. grayi bacteriophage, LPJP1, isolated from farm silage. With a genome over 200,000 base pairs, LPJP1 is the first and only reported jumbo bacteriophage infecting the Listeria genus. Similar to other Gram-positive jumbo phages, LPJP1 appeared to contain modified base pairs, which complicated initial attempts to obtain genomic sequence using standard methods. Following successful sequencing with a modified approach, a recombinant of LPJP1 encoding the NanoLuc luciferase was engineered using homologous recombination. This luciferase reporter bacteriophage successfully detected 100 stationary phase colony forming units of both subspecies of L. grayi in four hours. A single log phase colony forming unit was also sufficient for positive detection in the same time period. The recombinant demonstrated complete specificity for this particular Listeria species and did not infect 150 non-L. grayi Listeria strains nor any other bacterial genus. LPJP1 is believed to be the first reported lytic bacteriophage of L. grayi as well as the only jumbo bacteriophage to be successfully engineered into a luciferase reporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Erickson
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, New Brighton, MN, 55112, USA.
| | - John Paulson
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, New Brighton, MN, 55112, USA
| | - Matthew Brown
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Burlington, NC, 27215, USA
| | - Wendy Hahn
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, New Brighton, MN, 55112, USA
| | - Jose Gil
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Los Angeles, CA, 90062, USA
| | - Rocío Barron-Montenegro
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacteria Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea I Moreno-Switt
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacteria Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcia Eisenberg
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Burlington, NC, 27215, USA
| | - Minh M Nguyen
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, New Brighton, MN, 55112, USA
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de Aquino NSM, Elias SDO, Tondo EC. Evaluation of PhageDX Salmonella Assay for Salmonella Detection in Hydroponic Curly Lettuce. Foods 2021; 10:1795. [PMID: 34441572 PMCID: PMC8394719 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lettuce is one of the most consumed leafy vegetables worldwide and has been involved in multiple foodborne outbreaks. Salmonella is one of the most prevalent etiological agents of foodborne disease (FBD) in lettuces, and its detection may take several days depending on the chosen method. This study evaluates a new rapid method that uses recombinant bacteriophages to detect Salmonella in hydroponic curly lettuce. First, the ability of the assay to detect six Salmonella serovars at three different concentrations (1, 10, and 100 CFU/well) was tested. Second, the detection of Salmonella was tested in lettuces using a cocktail of the same Salmonella serovars and concentrations after a 7 h enrichment. The results of these experiments showed that the detection limit was dependent on the serovar tested. Most serovars were detected in only 2 h when the concentration was 100 CFU/well. Salmonella was detected in 9 h (7 h enrichment + 2 h bioluminescence assay) in all lettuce samples with 10 CFU/25 g or more. Salmonella detection was not influenced by natural microbiota of lettuces. This study demonstrated that the phage assay was sensitive and faster than other detection methods, indicating that it is a better alternative for Salmonella detection on lettuces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanyelle Soraya Martins de Aquino
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Controle de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Campus do Vale-Agronomia (ICTA/UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS CEP, Brazil; (S.d.O.E.); (E.C.T.)
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Wessels K, Rip D, Gouws P. Salmonella in Chicken Meat: Consumption, Outbreaks, Characteristics, Current Control Methods and the Potential of Bacteriophage Use. Foods 2021; 10:1742. [PMID: 34441520 PMCID: PMC8394320 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of Salmonella in chicken processing plants is an ongoing challenge for many factories around the globe, especially with the increasing demand for poultry escalating processing throughputs. Foodborne outbreaks due to Salmonella still pose a prominent risk to public health. As chicken meat is a good reservoir for Salmonella, it is important for chicken processing plants to continuously optimize methods to reduce the incidence of Salmonella on their products. Current methods include the use of chemical antimicrobials such as chlorine-containing compounds and organic acids. However, these current methods are decreasing in popularity due to the rising rate of Salmonella resistance, coupled with the challenge of preserving the sensory properties of the meat, along with the increasing stringency of antimicrobial use. Bacteriophages are becoming more appealing to integrate into the large-scale hurdle concept. A few factors need to be considered for successful implementation, such as legislation, and application volumes and concentrations. Overall, bacteriophages show great potential because of their host specificity, guaranteeing an alternative outcome to the selective pressure for resistant traits placed by chemicals on whole microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pieter Gouws
- Centre for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (K.W.); (D.R.)
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17
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Ayhan K, Coşansu S, Orhan-Yanıkan E, Gülseren G. Advance methods for the qualitative and quantitative determination of microorganisms. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Kanach A, Bottorff T, Zhao M, Wang J, Chiu GTC, Applegate B. Evaluation of anhydrous processing and storage methods of the temperate bacteriophage ɸV10 for integration into foodborne pathogen detection methodologies. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249473. [PMID: 33822808 PMCID: PMC8023450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the nascency of bacteriophage-based pathogen detection technologies, several practical hurdles stand in the way between providing promising proof-of-concept data and development of robust detection platforms. One such hurdle, and the focus of this work, is the development of methods for transitioning laboratory stocks of bacteriophage into functional, consistent, and shelf-stable delivery methods in commercial detection kits. Research described here was undertaken to evaluate two methods for their ability to store the bacteriophage ɸV10 at ambient temperature without aqueous storage solutions while limiting loss of viability. ɸV10 is a temperate bacteriophage which solely infects the zero-tolerance food adulterant Escherichia coli O157:H7 and has been genetically modified to generate a detectable phenotype in host cells. In order to integrate this reporter bacteriophage into food-borne pathogen detection methodologies, two methods of processing phage suspensions for long-term, ambient storage were evaluated: printing solutions onto pieces of dissolvable paper and lyophilizing suspensions with sucrose. Applying phage to dissolvable paper yielded key attributes to consider when addressing phage viability, however, optimized methodology still resulted in an approximate five-log reduction in titer of viable phage. Lyophilization of ɸV10 with various concentrations of the cryoprotectant molecule, sucrose, yielded losses of approximately 0.3-log after 120 days of storage at 23°C. Liquid storage buffer samples with and without sucrose saw a reduction of viable phage of at least 3.9-log in the same period. Additionally, the ability for ɸV10 to form lysogens in an E. coli O157:H7 host was not negatively affected by lyophilization. Drying ɸV10 at ambient temperature drastically reduces the viability of the phage. However, lyophilizing ɸV10 in the presence of sucrose is an effective method for dehydration and storage of the phage in ambient environmental conditions for an extended time lending to commercial application and integration into foodborne pathogen detection methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kanach
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Science Program (PULSe), West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Theresa Bottorff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- College of Food Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - George T. C. Chiu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Bruce Applegate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- * E-mail:
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