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Withana M, Castorina A. Potential Crosstalk between the PACAP/VIP Neuropeptide System and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Relevance to Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology. Cells 2023; 12:2633. [PMID: 37998368 PMCID: PMC10670126 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by focal demyelination and chronic inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS). Although the exact etiology is unclear, mounting evidence indicates that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress represents a key event in disease pathogenesis. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are two structurally related neuropeptides that are abundant in the CNS and are known to exert neuroprotective and immune modulatory roles. Activation of this endogenous neuropeptide system may interfere with ER stress processes to promote glial cell survival and myelin self-repair. However, the potential crosstalk between the PACAP/VIP system and ER stress remains elusive. In this review, we aim to discuss how these peptides ameliorate ER stress in the CNS, with a focus on MS pathology. Our goal is to emphasize the importance of this potential interaction to aid in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of MS and other demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;
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2
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Toltin AC, Belkadi A, Gamba LM, Hossain MM. The Preventive Effects of Salubrinal against Pyrethroid-Induced Disruption of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15614. [PMID: 37958604 PMCID: PMC10648946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors, including pesticide exposure, have been identified as substantial contributors to neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. Previously, we demonstrated that repeated exposure to deltamethrin induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, reduces hippocampal neurogenesis, and impairs cognition in adult mice. Here, we investigated the potential relationship between ER stress and hippocampal neurogenesis following exposure to deltamethrin, utilizing both pharmacological and genetic approaches. To investigate whether ER stress is associated with inhibition of neurogenesis, mice were given two intraperitoneal injections of eIf2α inhibitor salubrinal (1 mg/kg) at 24 h and 30 min prior to the oral administration of deltamethrin (3 mg/kg). Salubrinal prevented hippocampal ER stress, as indicated by decreased levels of C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) and transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and attenuated deltamethrin-induced reductions in BrdU-, Ki-67-, and DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. To further explore the relationship between ER stress and adult neurogenesis, we used caspase-12 knockout (KO) mice. The caspase-12 KO mice exhibited significant protection against deltamethrin-induced reduction of BrdU-, Ki-67-, and DCX-positive cells in the hippocampus. In addition, deltamethrin exposure led to a notable upregulation of CHOP and caspase-12 expression in a significant portion of BrdU- and Ki-67-positive cells in WT mice. Conversely, both salubrinal-treated mice and caspase-12 KO mice exhibited a considerably lower number of CHOP-positive cells in the hippocampus. Together, these findings suggest that exposure to the insecticide deltamethrin triggers ER stress-mediated suppression of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, which may subsequently contribute to learning and memory deficits in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Muhammad M. Hossain
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Atone J, Wagner K, Koike S, Yang J, Hwang SH, Hammock BD. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase reduces paraquat neurotoxicity in rodents. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 98:104070. [PMID: 36682504 PMCID: PMC9992278 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Given the paucity of research surrounding the effect of chronic paraquat on striatal neurotoxicity, there is a need for further investigation into the neurotoxic effects of paraquat in mouse striatum. Furthermore, while previous studies have shown that inhibiting soluble epoxide hydrolase mitigates MPTP-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress in mouse striatum, its effect on paraquat toxicity is still unknown. Thus, this study attempts to observe changes in inflammatory and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers in mouse striatum following chronic paraquat administration to determine whether inhibiting soluble epoxide hydrolase mitigates paraquat-induced neurotoxicity and whether it can reduce TLR4-mediated inflammation in primary astrocytes and microglia. Our results show that while the pro-inflammatory effect of chronic paraquat is small, there is a significant induction of inflammatory and cellular stress markers, such as COX2 and CHOP, that can be mitigated through a prophylactic administration of a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogen Atone
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karen Wagner
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shinichiro Koike
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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4
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Zhang L, Liu Y, Lu Y, Wang G. Targeting epigenetics as a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hossain MM, Belkadi A, Zhou X, DiCicco-Bloom E. Exposure to deltamethrin at the NOAEL causes ER stress and disruption of hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice. Neurotoxicology 2022; 93:233-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wang C, Chang Y, Zhu J, Ma R, Li G. Dual Role of Inositol-requiring Enzyme 1α–X-box Binding protein 1 Signaling in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neuroscience 2022; 505:157-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Zhou R, He M, Fan J, Li R, Zuo Y, Li B, Gao G, Sun T. The role of hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress in schizophrenia and antipsychotic-induced weight gain: A narrative review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:947295. [PMID: 36188456 PMCID: PMC9523121 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.947295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious mental illness that affects 1% of people worldwide. SCZ is associated with a higher risk of developing metabolic disorders such as obesity. Antipsychotics are the main treatment for SCZ, but their side effects include significant weight gain/obesity. Despite extensive research, the underlying mechanisms by which SCZ and antipsychotic treatment induce weight gain/obesity remain unclear. Hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one of the most important pathways that modulates inflammation, neuronal function, and energy balance. This review aimed to investigate the role of hypothalamic ER stress in SCZ and antipsychotic-induced weight gain/obesity. Preliminary evidence indicates that SCZ is associated with reduced dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) signaling, which significantly regulates the ER stress pathway, suggesting the importance of ER stress in SCZ and its related metabolic disorders. Antipsychotics such as olanzapine activate ER stress in hypothalamic neurons. These effects may induce decreased proopiomelanocortin (POMC) processing, increased neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) expression, autophagy, and leptin and insulin resistance, resulting in hyperphagia, decreased energy expenditure, and central inflammation, thereby causing weight gain. By activating ER stress, antipsychotics such as olanzapine activate hypothalamic astrocytes and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling, thereby causing inflammation and weight gain/obesity. Moreover, evidence suggests that antipsychotic-induced ER stress may be related to their antagonistic effects on neurotransmitter receptors such as DRD2 and the histamine H1 receptor. Taken together, ER stress inhibitors could be a potential effective intervention against SCZ and antipsychotic-induced weight gain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqin Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Meng He,
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruoxi Li
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Zuo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Benben Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Guanbin Gao,
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Taolei Sun,
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Perner C, Krüger E. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Role in Homeostasis and Immunity of Central and Peripheral Neurons. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859703. [PMID: 35572517 PMCID: PMC9092946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cells are specialists for rapid transfer and translation of information. Their electrical properties relay on a precise regulation of ion levels while their communication via neurotransmitters and neuropeptides depends on a high protein and lipid turnover. The endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is fundamental to provide these necessary requirements for optimal neuronal function. Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER lumen, reactive oxygen species and exogenous stimulants like infections, chemical irritants and mechanical harm can induce ER stress, often followed by an ER stress response to reinstate cellular homeostasis. Imbedded between glial-, endothelial-, stromal-, and immune cells neurons are constantly in communication and influenced by their local environment. In this review, we discuss concepts of tissue homeostasis and innate immunity in the central and peripheral nervous system with a focus on its influence on ER stress, the unfolded protein response, and implications for health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Perner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elke Krüger
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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White A, Parekh RU, Theobald D, Pakala P, Myers AL, Van Dross R, Sriramula S. Kinin B1R Activation Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Primary Hypothalamic Neurons. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:841068. [PMID: 35350763 PMCID: PMC8957924 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.841068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a key organelle involved in homeostatic functions including protein synthesis and transport, and the storage of free calcium. ER stress potentiates neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration and is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of neurogenic hypertension. Recently, we showed that kinin B1 receptor (B1R) activation plays a vital role in modulating neuroinflammation and hypertension. However, whether B1R activation results in the progression and enhancement of ER stress has not yet been studied. In this brief research report, we tested the hypothesis that B1R activation in neurons contributes to unfolded protein response (UPR) and the development of ER stress. To test this hypothesis, we treated primary hypothalamic neuronal cultures with B1R specific agonist Lys-Des-Arg9-Bradykinin (LDABK) and measured the components of UPR and ER stress. Our data show that B1R stimulation via LDABK, induced the upregulation of GRP78, a molecular chaperone of ER stress. B1R stimulation was associated with an increased expression and activation of transmembrane ER stress sensors, ATF6, IRE1α, and PERK, the critical components of UPR. In the presence of overwhelming ER stress, activated ER stress sensors can lead to oxidative stress, autophagy, or apoptosis. To determine whether B1R activation induces apoptosis we measured intracellular Ca2+ and extracellular ATP levels, caspases 3/7 activity, and cell viability. Our data show that LDABK treatment does increase Ca2+ and ATP levels but does not alter caspase activity or cell viability. These findings suggest that B1R activation initiates the UPR and is a key factor in the ER stress pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acacia White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Rohan Umesh Parekh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Drew Theobald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Pranaya Pakala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Ariel Lynn Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Rukiyah Van Dross
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Srinivas Sriramula
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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CNS Redox Homeostasis and Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020405. [PMID: 35204286 PMCID: PMC8869494 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A single paragraph of about 200 words maximum. Neurodegenerative diseases (ND), such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, pose a global challenge in the aging population due to the lack of treatments for their cure. Despite various disease-specific clinical symptoms, ND have some fundamental common pathological mechanisms involving oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The present review focuses on the major causes of central nervous system (CNS) redox homeostasis imbalance comprising mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Mitochondrial disturbances, leading to reduced mitochondrial function and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, are thought to be a major contributor to the pathogenesis of ND. ER dysfunction has been implicated in ND in which protein misfolding evidently causes ER stress. The consequences of ER stress ranges from an increase in ROS production to altered calcium efflux and proinflammatory signaling in glial cells. Both pathological pathways have links to ferroptotic cell death, which has been implicated to play an important role in ND. Pharmacological targeting of these pathological pathways may help alleviate or slow down neurodegeneration.
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Environmental Impact on the Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis: A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020175. [PMID: 35203939 PMCID: PMC8870303 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder with an unclear etiology and no disease-modifying treatment to date. PD is considered a multifactorial disease, since both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its pathogenesis, although the molecular mechanisms linking these two key disease modifiers remain obscure. In this context, epigenetic mechanisms that alter gene expression without affecting the DNA sequence through DNA methylation, histone post-transcriptional modifications, and non-coding RNAs may represent the key mediators of the genetic–environmental interactions underlying PD pathogenesis. Environmental exposures may cause chemical alterations in several cellular functions, including gene expression. Emerging evidence has highlighted that smoking, coffee consumption, pesticide exposure, and heavy metals (manganese, arsenic, lead, etc.) may potentially affect the risk of PD development at least partially via epigenetic modifications. Herein, we discuss recent accumulating pre-clinical and clinical evidence of the impact of lifestyle and environmental factors on the epigenetic mechanisms underlying PD development, aiming to shed more light on the pathogenesis and stimulate future research.
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Chen J, Su Y, Lin F, Iqbal M, Mehmood K, Zhang H, Shi D. Effect of paraquat on cytotoxicity involved in oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction: A review of mechanisms and ecological implications. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112711. [PMID: 34455184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a cheap and an effective herbicide, which is widely being used worldwide to remove weeds in cultivated crop fields. However, it can cause soil and water pollution, and pose serious harm to the environment and organisms. Several countries have started to limit or prohibit the use of PQ because of the increasing number of human deaths. Its toxicity can damage the organisms with a multi-target mechanism, which has not been fully understood yet. That is why it is hard to treat as well. The current research on PQ focuses on its targeted organ, the lungs, in which PQ mostly trigger pulmonary fibrosis. While there is a lack of systematic research, there are few studies published discussing its toxic effects at systematic level. This review summarizes the major damages caused by PQ in different organisms and partial mechanisms by which it causes these damages. For this purpose, we consulted several research articles that studied the toxicity of PQ in various tissues. We also listed some drugs that can be used to alleviate the toxicity of PQ. However, at present, the effectiveness of these drugs is still being explored in animal experiments and the study of their mechanism will also help in understanding the poisoning mechanism of PQ, which will ultimately lead to effective treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yalin Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fei Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mujahid Iqbal
- Department of Pathology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CUVAS), Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Dayou Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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