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Broers FT, Verslype I, Bossers KW, Vanmeert F, Gonzalez V, Garrevoet J, van Loon A, van Duijn E, Krekeler A, De Keyser N, Steeman I, Noble P, Janssens K, Meirer F, Keune K. Correlated x-ray fluorescence and ptychographic nano-tomography on Rembrandt's The Night Watch reveals unknown lead "layer". SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj9394. [PMID: 38100587 PMCID: PMC10848709 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The Night Watch, one of the most famous masterpieces by Rembrandt, is the subject of a large research and conservation project. For the conservation treatment, it is of great importance to understand its current condition. Correlated nano-tomography using x-ray fluorescence and ptychography revealed a-so far unknown-lead-containing "layer", which likely acts as a protective impregnation layer applied on the canvas before the quartz-clay ground was applied. This layer might explain the presence of lead soap protrusions in areas where no other lead components are present. In addition to the three-dimensional elemental mapping, ptychography visualizes and quantifies components not detectable by hard x-ray fluorescence such as the organic fraction and quartz. The first-time use of this combination of synchrotron-based techniques on a historic paint micro-sample shows it to be an important tool to better interpret the results of noninvasive imaging techniques operating on the macroscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fréderique T.H. Broers
- Science Department, Conservation & Science, Scientific Research, Rijksmuseum, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
- Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy laboratory, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ige Verslype
- Science Department, Conservation & Science, Scientific Research, Rijksmuseum, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Koen W. Bossers
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Frederik Vanmeert
- Science Department, Conservation & Science, Scientific Research, Rijksmuseum, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy laboratory, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Paintings Laboratory, Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (KIK-IRPA), Jubelpark 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Victor Gonzalez
- Science Department, Conservation & Science, Scientific Research, Rijksmuseum, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Photon Science at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Annelies van Loon
- Science Department, Conservation & Science, Scientific Research, Rijksmuseum, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther van Duijn
- Science Department, Conservation & Science, Scientific Research, Rijksmuseum, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna Krekeler
- Science Department, Conservation & Science, Scientific Research, Rijksmuseum, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nouchka De Keyser
- Science Department, Conservation & Science, Scientific Research, Rijksmuseum, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy laboratory, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilse Steeman
- Science Department, Conservation & Science, Scientific Research, Rijksmuseum, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Petria Noble
- Science Department, Conservation & Science, Scientific Research, Rijksmuseum, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Koen Janssens
- Science Department, Conservation & Science, Scientific Research, Rijksmuseum, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Antwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy laboratory, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Katrien Keune
- Science Department, Conservation & Science, Scientific Research, Rijksmuseum, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Izzo FC, Kratter M, Nevin A, Zendri E. A Critical Review on the Analysis of Metal Soaps in Oil Paintings. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:904-921. [PMID: 34532965 PMCID: PMC8446710 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 70 % of the oil paintings conserved in collections present metal soaps, which result from the chemical reaction between metal ions present in the painted layers and free fatty acids from the lipidic binders. In recent decades, conservators and conservation scientists have been systematically identifying various and frequent conservation problems that can be linked to the formation of metal soaps. It is also increasingly recognized that metal soap formation may not compromise the integrity of paint so there is a need for careful assessment of the implications of metal soaps for conservation. This review aims to critically assess scientific literature related to commonly adopted analytical techniques for the analysis of metal soaps in oil paintings. A comparison of different analytical methods is provided, highlighting advantages associated with each, as well as limitations identified through the analysis of reference materials and applications to the analysis of samples from historical paintings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caterina Izzo
- Sciences and Technologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Department ofEnvironmental Sciences, Informatics and StatisticsCa' Foscari University of VeniceVia Torino 155/b30173VeniceItaly
| | - Matilde Kratter
- Sciences and Technologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Department ofEnvironmental Sciences, Informatics and StatisticsCa' Foscari University of VeniceVia Torino 155/b30173VeniceItaly
| | - Austin Nevin
- Head of Conservation The Courtauld Institute of ArtVernon Square, Penton RiseKings CrossWC1X 9EWLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta Zendri
- Sciences and Technologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Department ofEnvironmental Sciences, Informatics and StatisticsCa' Foscari University of VeniceVia Torino 155/b30173VeniceItaly
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