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Bálint Á, Jakab S, Kaszab E, Marton S, Bányai K, Kecskeméti S, Szabó I. Spatiotemporal Distribution of PRRSV-1 Clades in Hungary with a Focus on the Era of Disease Eradication. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:175. [PMID: 38200906 PMCID: PMC10778080 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is the cause of the most severe economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. PRRSV is extremely diverse in Europe, which poses a significant challenge to disease control within a country or any region. With the combination of phylogenetic reconstruction and network analysis, we aimed to uncover the major routes of the dispersal of PRRSV clades within Hungary. In brief, by analyzing >2600 ORF5 sequences, we identified at least 12 clades (including 6 clades within lineage 1 and 3 clades within lineage 3) common in parts of Western Europe (including Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands) and identified 2 novel clades (designated X1 and X2). Of interest, some genetic clades unique to other central European countries, such as the Czech Republic and Poland, were not identified. The pattern of PRRSV clade distribution is consistent with the route of the pig trade among countries, showing that most of the identified clades were introduced from Western Europe when fatteners were transported to Hungary. As a result of rigorous implementation of the national eradication program, the swine population was declared officially free from PRRSV. This map of viral diversity and clade distribution will serve as valuable baseline information for the maintenance of PRRSV-free status in the post-eradication era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary;
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (E.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Szilvia Jakab
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (E.K.); (S.M.)
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medicinal Research Institute, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kaszab
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (E.K.); (S.M.)
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medicinal Research Institute, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
- One Health Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Marton
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (E.K.); (S.M.)
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medicinal Research Institute, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (E.K.); (S.M.)
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medicinal Research Institute, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kecskeméti
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - István Szabó
- National PRRS Eradication Committee, H-1024 Budapest, Hungary;
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Wang PH, Shah PT, Xing L. Genetic characteristics and geographic distribution of rabies virus in China. Arch Virol 2023; 169:14. [PMID: 38157057 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
China is one of the largest countries with endemic rabies. In this study, we examined the full-length genome sequences of 87 rabies virus (RABV) strains identified in China from 1931 to 2019. Chinese RABV isolates were divided into two major clades, GI and GII. Clade GI consisted of viruses from the Asian clade, which was further divided into three subclades: Asian1, Asian2, and Asian3. Clade GII consisted of viruses from the Cosmopolitan, Arctic-related, and Indian clades. A phylogeographic network showed that the variation of rabies virus was more closely associated with geographic location than with the host species. Recombination appears to be one of the factors driving the emergence of new viral strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hua Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Pir Tariq Shah
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, China.
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, China.
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, China.
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Szabó I, Nemes I, Bognár L, Terjék Z, Molnár T, Abonyi T, Bálint Á, Horváth DG, Balka G. Eradication of PRRS from Hungarian Pig Herds between 2014 and 2022. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3747. [PMID: 38136786 PMCID: PMC10740787 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a widespread infectious disease that is currently a major cause of economic losses in pig production. In Hungary, a National PRRS Eradication Program has been introduced to attain a more efficient, economic, and competitive international market position. The program has been also approved by the EU, but the resulting legal obligations have imposed a burden on Hungarian producers to comply with EU competition rules. The implementation of the program has been carried out by the veterinary authorities with the consent of, continuous support from and monitoring conducted by organisations within the pig sector as well as a scientific committee. The PRRS eradication program in Hungary was based on a regional territorial principle and was compulsory for all pig holdings within the regions. In Hungary, large fattening farms operate as all-in/all-out or continuous flow systems. Large-scale breeding herds are predominantly farrow-to-finish types. Although its significance has decreased in recent decades, 20% of the Hungarian pig population is still kept on small (backyard) farms (<100 animals). All PRRSV-infected large-scale farms had to develop a unit-adapted eradication plan, including external and internal biosecurity measures, vaccinations, etc. It was crucial to render each fattening unit free of the disease, as fattening units play a significant role in spreading the virus within the country. The eradication efforts mainly implemented were depopulation-repopulation methods, but on some farms a testing and removal method has been used. As the eradication progressed over the years, the introduction of infected fattening pigs was restricted. Thanks to these measures, Hungarian large-scale fattening farms became PRRSV-free by the end of 2018. The PRRSV-free status of small-scale herds was achieved by the end of 2015 and was maintained between 2016 and 2021. By 31 December 2021, all breeding pigs in large-scale farms in Hungary were free of wild-type PRRS virus. By 31 March 2022, the total pig population of the country, including all backyard farms and fattening units, achieved PRRSV-free status. The future goal is to ensure and maintain the PRRSV-free status of Hungary via strict import regulations of live animals combined with the continuous and thorough screening of incoming and resident herds for the presence of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Szabó
- National PRRS Eradication Committee, Keleti Károly. u. 24, 1024 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (I.N.); (Z.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Imre Nemes
- National PRRS Eradication Committee, Keleti Károly. u. 24, 1024 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (I.N.); (Z.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Lajos Bognár
- Chief Veterinary Officer of Hungary, Ministry of Agriculture, Kossuth Lajos t. 11, 1055 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zsolt Terjék
- National PRRS Eradication Committee, Keleti Károly. u. 24, 1024 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (I.N.); (Z.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Tamás Molnár
- National PRRS Eradication Committee, Keleti Károly. u. 24, 1024 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (I.N.); (Z.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Tamás Abonyi
- National PRRS Eradication Committee, Keleti Károly. u. 24, 1024 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (I.N.); (Z.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok u. 2, 1143 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Dávid G. Horváth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
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Jakab S, Bányai K, Bali K, Nemes I, Bálint Á, Szabó I. Transmission Dynamics of Imported Vaccine-Origin PRRSV-2 within and between Commercial Swine Integrations in Hungary. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3080. [PMID: 37835686 PMCID: PMC10571567 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports on the molecular epidemiology of Ingelvac-PRRS-MLV-associated cases in Hungary for the period 2020-2021. Field epidemiology investigations led the experts to conclude that imported pigs, which were shipped through transit stations in Denmark, introduced the vaccine virus. The movement of fatteners and the neglect of disease control measures contributed to the spread of the virus to PRRS-free pig holdings in the vicinity. Deep sequencing was performed to genetically characterize the genes coding for the virion antigens (i.e., ORF2 through ORF7). The study isolates exhibited a range of 0.1 to 1.8% nucleotide sequence divergence from the Ingelvac PRRS MLV and identified numerous polymorphic sites (up to 57 sites) along the amplified 3.2 kilo base pair genomic region. Our findings confirm that some PRRSV-2 vaccine strains can accumulate very high number of point mutations within a short period in immunologically naive pig herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Jakab
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (K.B.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (K.B.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca. 2., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bali
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (K.B.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Nemes
- National PRRS Eradication Committee, Keleti Károly utca. 24., H-1024 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - István Szabó
- National PRRS Eradication Committee, Keleti Károly utca. 24., H-1024 Budapest, Hungary;
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Fornyos K, Búza L, Makkai I, Polyák F, Pogácsás I, Savoia L, Szegedi L, Bálint Á, Jakab S, Bányai K, Szabó I. Sampling Strategies in PRRS Elimination in Hungary: An Observational Study Involving Four Farrow-to-Finish Swine Herds. Vet Sci 2023; 10:546. [PMID: 37756068 PMCID: PMC10537740 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PRRS elimination strategies often rely on depopulation-repopulation. However, this approach is accompanied by a long-term loss of production. With adequate control measures, such as well-designed immunization programs and technological changes along with prevalence-based laboratory testing, the virus-free status of the most vulnerable age groups in swine herds can be achieved. The most common reason for acquiring PRRSV at large farrow-to-finish swine farm units is that the previously settled fattening pigs serve as a source of infection for the newly reared PRRS-free animals. Following such unwanted events, PRRSV may persist in an affected establishment for several years. In this observational study, we selected four farrow-to-finish type swine herds. We implemented different laboratory testing protocols to find the most optimal solution for a successful PRRS elimination program. To aid our objectives, we used a DIVA PCR technique. The PRRS DIVA PCR assay is a fast, reliable method to identify sows shedding farm-specific PRRSV strain(s). As a result of elimination efforts at the sentinel pig herds, we found that reliable detection of wild-type PRRSV shedding among sows requires sampling at least three weaned piglets per litter. The strict adherence to this sampling protocol, the systematic use of laboratory methods that quickly detect the presence of wild virulent virus in the herd during the rearing period and the culling of DIVA PCR positive litters and their sows decreased the presence of the resident virus markedly. These procedures at Hungarian farrow-to-finish type farms successfully inhibited the wild-type PRRSV infection of different age groups. The results of this study demonstrate that applying this methodology together with strict biosecurity measures enabled us to reach PRRS-vaccinated-free status in large, farrow-to-finish herds within two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Fornyos
- Animal Health Testing Laboratory, Eurofins Vetcontrol Ltd., H-1211 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - László Búza
- Intervet Hungaria Ltd., Lechner Ödön Fasor 10/b, H-1095 Budapest, Hungary; (L.B.); (I.M.)
| | - István Makkai
- Intervet Hungaria Ltd., Lechner Ödön Fasor 10/b, H-1095 Budapest, Hungary; (L.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Ferenc Polyák
- Tedej Agricultural Producing and Service Corporation, Fő út 9, H-4085 Hajdúnánás, Hungary;
| | - Imre Pogácsás
- Hajdúdorog Bocskai Agricultural Corporation, Nánási út 7, H-4087 Hajdúdorog, Hungary;
| | - Luca Savoia
- Triagro Ltd., Klein Telep Triagro, H-4731 Tunyogmatolcs, Hungary;
| | - László Szegedi
- Nagyhegyesi Agrár, Kűlső Újvárosi út 0358/13. Hrsz, H-4220 Hajdúböszörmény, Hungary;
| | - Ádám Bálint
- National Food Chain Safety Office Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Jakab
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Szabó
- National PRRS Eradication Committee, H-1021 Budapest, Hungary;
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Fornyos K, Szabó I, Lebhardt K, Bálint Á. Development of a farm-specific real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay for the detection and discrimination of wild-type porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus and the vaccine strain in a farm under eradication. Acta Vet Hung 2022; 70:254-261. [PMID: 36053720 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most important diseases of swine causing severe economic losses worldwide, therefore intensive efforts are taken to eliminate PRRS virus (PRRSV) from infected herds for complete eradication. The most efficient, fastest but at the same time the most expensive eradication method is depopulation-repopulation. In order to reduce costs, a number of farms prefer to perform their eradication process with continuous production using modified live vaccine (MLV) immunisation. However, the commercial PRRSV RT-PCR kits do not have the capacity to discriminate infected from vaccinated animals. In this paper, we describe a simple discriminatory duplex TaqMan RT-PCR assay based on common forward and reverse primers, as well as two differently labelled MLV- and wild-type PRRSV-specific probes. The discriminatory PCR test we designed is a fast and efficacious method for processing large quantities of samples. The assay is cheap, flexible, easy to apply in different herds using different MLVs, but should be checked, and can be modified based on the sequence data obtained during the permanent monitoring examinations. Owing to its simplicity the test can serve as a significant complementary assay for PRRS control and elimination/eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - István Szabó
- 2 National PRRS Eradication Committee, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ádám Bálint
- 3 Department of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
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Genetic Variability of PRRSV Vaccine Strains Used in the National Eradication Programme, Hungary. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080849. [PMID: 34451974 PMCID: PMC8402617 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a globally spread, highly infectious viral disease. Live, attenuated vaccines against PRRS virus (PRRSV) decrease virus excretion and evoke protective immunity reducing the economic damage caused by the disease. In a longitudinal molecular epidemiological study accompanying ongoing national eradication programme we evaluated the suitability of PRRSV ORF5 and ORF7 sequences to identify possible field strains of vaccine-origin. In total, 2342 ORF5 sequences and 478 ORF7 sequences were analysed. Vaccine strains were identified by sequence identity values and phylogenetic network analysis. Strains that shared greater than 98% nucleotide identity within ORF5 and/or ORF7 were considered to have originated from vaccine. A total of 882 (37.6%) ORF5 and 88 (18.4%) ORF7 sequences met these criteria. In detail, 618, 179 and 35 ORF5 and 51, 29 and 8 ORF7 sequences were related to Porcilis PRRS vaccine, Unistrain PRRS vaccine, and ReproCyc PRRS EU vaccine, respectively. Data showed that the Porcilis vaccine was genetically more stable. Whereas, the variability of the Unistrain and the ReproCyc strains was significantly higher. Given that ORF7 shares, in some instances, complete identity between a particular vaccine strain and some historic variants of field PRRSV strains, care must be taken when evaluating vaccine relatedness of a field isolate based on the ORF7. On the contrary, ORF5 sequences were more suitable to predict the vaccine origin making a distinction more robustly between field and vaccine strains. We conclude that ORF5 based molecular epidemiological studies support more efficiently the ongoing PRRS eradication programmes. The conclusions presented in this large-scale PRRS molecular epidemiological study provides a framework for future eradication programmes planned in other countries.
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Kemenesi G, Zeghbib S, Somogyi BA, Tóth GE, Bányai K, Solymosi N, Szabo PM, Szabó I, Bálint Á, Urbán P, Herczeg R, Gyenesei A, Nagy Á, Pereszlényi CI, Babinszky GC, Dudás G, Terhes G, Zöldi V, Lovas R, Tenczer S, Kornya L, Jakab F. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 Introductions Shaped the Early Outbreak in Central Eastern Europe: Comparing Hungarian Data to a Worldwide Sequence Data-Matrix. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121401. [PMID: 33291299 PMCID: PMC7762115 DOI: 10.3390/v12121401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 is the third highly pathogenic human coronavirus in history. Since the emergence in Hubei province, China, during late 2019, the situation evolved to pandemic level. Following China, Europe was the second epicenter of the pandemic. To better comprehend the detailed founder mechanisms of the epidemic evolution in Central-Eastern Europe, particularly in Hungary, we determined the full-length SARS-CoV-2 genomes from 32 clinical samples collected from laboratory confirmed COVID-19 patients over the first month of disease in Hungary. We applied a haplotype network analysis on all available complete genomic sequences of SARS-CoV-2 from GISAID database as of 21 April 2020. We performed additional phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses to achieve the recognition of multiple and parallel introductory events into our region. Here, we present a publicly available network imaging of the worldwide haplotype relations of SARS-CoV-2 sequences and conclude the founder mechanisms of the outbreak in Central-Eastern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Kemenesi
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (S.Z.); (B.A.S.); (G.E.T.)
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (F.J.)
| | - Safia Zeghbib
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (S.Z.); (B.A.S.); (G.E.T.)
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs A Somogyi
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (S.Z.); (B.A.S.); (G.E.T.)
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Endre Tóth
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (S.Z.); (B.A.S.); (G.E.T.)
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, 1093 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Peter M Szabo
- Translational Discovery, Stromal Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08648, USA;
| | - István Szabó
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Safety Office, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (Á.B.)
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Safety Office, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (Á.B.)
| | - Péter Urbán
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (P.U.); (R.H.); (A.G.)
| | - Róbert Herczeg
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (P.U.); (R.H.); (A.G.)
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (P.U.); (R.H.); (A.G.)
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ágnes Nagy
- Medical Centre, Hungarian Defense Forces, 1114 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.N.); (C.I.P.); (G.C.B.); (G.D.)
| | - Csaba István Pereszlényi
- Medical Centre, Hungarian Defense Forces, 1114 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.N.); (C.I.P.); (G.C.B.); (G.D.)
| | - Gergely Csaba Babinszky
- Medical Centre, Hungarian Defense Forces, 1114 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.N.); (C.I.P.); (G.C.B.); (G.D.)
| | - Gábor Dudás
- Medical Centre, Hungarian Defense Forces, 1114 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.N.); (C.I.P.); (G.C.B.); (G.D.)
| | - Gabriella Terhes
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | | | - Róbert Lovas
- Institute for Computer Science and Control (SZTAKI), Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1111 Budapest, Hungary; (R.L.); (S.T.)
| | - Szabolcs Tenczer
- Institute for Computer Science and Control (SZTAKI), Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1111 Budapest, Hungary; (R.L.); (S.T.)
| | - László Kornya
- Central Hospital of Southern Pest—National Institute of Hematolgy and Infectious Diseases, 1476 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ferenc Jakab
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (S.Z.); (B.A.S.); (G.E.T.)
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (F.J.)
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