1
|
Roet JEG, Mikula AM, de Kok M, Chadick CH, Garcia Vallejo JJ, Roest HP, van der Laan LJW, de Winde CM, Mebius RE. Unbiased method for spectral analysis of cells with great diversity of autofluorescence spectra. Cytometry A 2024. [PMID: 38863410 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Autofluorescence is an intrinsic feature of cells, caused by the natural emission of light by photo-excitatory molecular content, which can complicate analysis of flow cytometry data. Different cell types have different autofluorescence spectra and, even within one cell type, heterogeneity of autofluorescence spectra can be present, for example, as a consequence of activation status or metabolic changes. By using full spectrum flow cytometry, the emission spectrum of a fluorochrome is captured by a set of photo detectors across a range of wavelengths, creating an unique signature for that fluorochrome. This signature is then used to identify, or unmix, that fluorochrome's unique spectrum from a multicolor sample containing different fluorescent molecules. Importantly, this means that this technology can also be used to identify intrinsic autofluorescence signal of an unstained sample, which can be used for unmixing purposes and to separate the autofluorescence signal from the fluorophore signals. However, this only works if the sample has a singular, relatively homogeneous and bright autofluorescence spectrum. To analyze samples with heterogeneous autofluorescence spectral profiles, we setup an unbiased workflow to more quickly identify differing autofluorescence spectra present in a sample to include as "autofluorescence signatures" during the unmixing of the full stained samples. First, clusters of cells with similar autofluorescence spectra are identified by unbiased dimensional reduction and clustering of unstained cells. Then, unique autofluorescence clusters are determined and are used to improve the unmixing accuracy of the full stained sample. Independent of the intensity of the autofluorescence and immunophenotyping of cell subsets, this unbiased method allows for the identification of most of the distinct autofluorescence spectra present in a sample, leading to less confounding autofluorescence spillover and spread into extrinsic phenotyping markers. Furthermore, this method is equally useful for spectral analysis of different biological samples, including tissue cell suspensions, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and in vitro cultures of (primary) cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janna E G Roet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra M Mikula
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael de Kok
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Microscopy and Cytometry Core Facility, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cora H Chadick
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Microscopy and Cytometry Core Facility, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan J Garcia Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Microscopy and Cytometry Core Facility, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P Roest
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte M de Winde
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reina E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alfadhli A, Bates TA, Barklis RL, Romanaggi C, Tafesse FG, Barklis E. A Nanobody Interaction with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Allows the Versatile Targeting of Lentivirus Vectors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.06.597774. [PMID: 38895228 PMCID: PMC11185593 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.06.597774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
While investigating methods to target gene delivery vectors to specific cell types, we examined the potential of using a nanobody against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein receptor binding domain to direct lentivirus infection of Spike-expressing cells. Using three different approaches, we found that lentiviruses with surface-exposed nanobody domains selectively infect Spike-expressing cells. The targeting is dependent on the fusion function of Spike, and conforms to a model in which nanobody binding to the Spike protein triggers the Spike fusion machinery. The nanobody-Spike interaction also is capable of directing cell-cell fusion, and the selective infection of nanobody-expressing cells by Spike-pseudotyped lentivirus vectors. Significantly, cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 are efficiently and selectively infected by lentivirus vectors pseudotyped with a chimeric nanobody protein. Our results suggest that cells infected by any virus that forms syncytia may be targeted for gene delivery using an appropriate nanobody or virus receptor mimic. Vectors modified in this fashion may prove useful in the delivery of immunomodulators to infected foci to mitigate the effects of viral infections. IMPORTANCE We have discovered that lentiviruses decorated on their surfaces with a nanobody against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein selectively infect Spike-expressing cells. Infection is dependent on the specificity of the nanobody and the fusion function of the Spike protein, and conforms to a reverse fusion model, in which nanobody binding to Spike triggers the Spike fusion machinery. The nanobody-Spike interaction also can drive cell-cell fusion, and infection of nanobody-expressing cells with viruses carrying the Spike protein. Importantly, cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 are selectively infected with nanobody-decorated lentiviruses. These results suggest that cells infected by any virus that expresses an active receptor-binding fusion protein may be targeted by vectors for delivery of cargoes to mitigate infections.
Collapse
|
3
|
Krasnova O, Kovaleva A, Saveleva A, Kulakova K, Bystrova O, Martynova M, Domnina A, Sopova J, Neganova I. Mesenchymal stem cells lose the senescent phenotype under 3D cultivation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:373. [PMID: 38111010 PMCID: PMC10729581 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture is widely used in various fields of cell biology. In comparison to conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture, 3D cell culture facilitates a more accurate replication of the in vivo microenvironment, which is essential for obtaining more relevant results. The application of 3D cell culture techniques in regenerative medicine, particularly in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based research, has been extensively studied. Many of these studies focus on the enhanced paracrine activity of MSCs cultured in 3D environments. However, few focus on the cellular processes that occur during 3D cultivation. METHODS In this work, we studied the changes occurring within 3D-cultured MSCs (3D-MSCs). Specifically, we examined the expression of numerous senescent-associated markers, the actin cytoskeleton structure, the architecture of the Golgi apparatus and the localization of mTOR, one of the main positive regulators of replicative senescence. In addition, we assessed whether the selective elimination of senescent cells occurs upon 3D culturing by using cell sorting based on autofluorescence. RESULTS Our findings indicate that 3D-MSCs were able to lose replicative senescence markers under 3D cell culture conditions. We observed changes in actin cytoskeleton structure, Golgi apparatus architecture and revealed that 3D cultivation leads to the nuclear localization of mTOR, resulting in a decrease in its active cytoplasmic form. Additionally, our findings provide evidence that 3D cell culture promotes the phenotypic reversion of senescent cell phenotype rather than their removal from the bulk population. CONCLUSION These novel insights into the biology of 3D-MSCs can be applied to research in regenerative medicine to overcome replicative senescence and MSC heterogeneity as they often pose significant concerns regarding safety and effectiveness for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Krasnova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - A Kovaleva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Saveleva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - K Kulakova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - O Bystrova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - M Martynova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Domnina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - J Sopova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - I Neganova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee SS, Vũ TT, Weiss AS, Yeo GC. Stress-induced senescence in mesenchymal stem cells: Triggers, hallmarks, and current rejuvenation approaches. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151331. [PMID: 37311287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as promising cell-based therapies in the treatment of degenerative and inflammatory conditions. However, despite accumulating evidence of the breadth of MSC functional potency, their broad clinical translation is hampered by inconsistencies in therapeutic efficacy, which is at least partly due to the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of MSC populations as they progress towards senescence in vitro. MSC senescence, a natural response to aging and stress, gives rise to altered cellular responses and functional decline. This review describes the key regenerative properties of MSCs; summarises the main triggers, mechanisms, and consequences of MSC senescence; and discusses current cellular and extracellular strategies to delay the onset or progression of senescence, or to rejuvenate biological functions lost to senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Shinchen Lee
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Thu Thuy Vũ
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Anthony S Weiss
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Giselle C Yeo
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cheng M, Yuan W, Moshaverinia A, Yu B. Rejuvenation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Ameliorate Skeletal Aging. Cells 2023; 12:998. [PMID: 37048071 PMCID: PMC10093211 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced age is a shared risk factor for many chronic and debilitating skeletal diseases including osteoporosis and periodontitis. Mesenchymal stem cells develop various aging phenotypes including the onset of senescence, intrinsic loss of regenerative potential and exacerbation of inflammatory microenvironment via secretory factors. This review elaborates on the emerging concepts on the molecular and epigenetic mechanisms of MSC senescence, such as the accumulation of oxidative stress, DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Senescent MSCs aggravate local inflammation, disrupt bone remodeling and bone-fat balance, thereby contributing to the progression of age-related bone diseases. Various rejuvenation strategies to target senescent MSCs could present a promising paradigm to restore skeletal aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjia Cheng
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Weihao Yuan
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alireza Moshaverinia
- Section of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bo Yu
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Malavolta M, Giacconi R, Piacenza F, Strizzi S, Cardelli M, Bigossi G, Marcozzi S, Tiano L, Marcheggiani F, Matacchione G, Giuliani A, Olivieri F, Crivellari I, Beltrami AP, Serra A, Demaria M, Provinciali M. Simple Detection of Unstained Live Senescent Cells with Imaging Flow Cytometry. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162506. [PMID: 36010584 PMCID: PMC9406876 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a hallmark of aging and a promising target for therapeutic approaches. The identification of senescent cells requires multiple biomarkers and complex experimental procedures, resulting in increased variability and reduced sensitivity. Here, we propose a simple and broadly applicable imaging flow cytometry (IFC) method. This method is based on measuring autofluorescence and morphological parameters and on applying recent artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) tools. We show that the results of this method are superior to those obtained measuring the classical senescence marker, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal). We provide evidence that this method has the potential for diagnostic or prognostic applications as it was able to detect senescence in cardiac pericytes isolated from the hearts of patients affected by end-stage heart failure. We additionally demonstrate that it can be used to quantify senescence “in vivo” and can be used to evaluate the effects of senolytic compounds. We conclude that this method can be used as a simple and fast senescence assay independently of the origin of the cells and the procedure to induce senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Malavolta
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0718004116
| | - Robertina Giacconi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacenza
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Sergio Strizzi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cardelli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bigossi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Serena Marcozzi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnical University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Fabio Marcheggiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnical University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Matacchione
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Polytechnical University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Angelica Giuliani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Polytechnical University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Fabiola Olivieri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Polytechnical University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Crivellari
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Serra
- Luminex B.V., Het Zuiderkruis 1, 5215 MV ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Demaria
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mauro Provinciali
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Psaroudis RT, Singh U, Lora M, Jeon P, Boursiquot A, Stochaj U, Langlais D, Colmegna I. CD26 is a senescence marker associated with reduced immunopotency of human adipose tissue-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:358. [PMID: 35883188 PMCID: PMC9327293 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and tolerogenic effects. Long-term in vitro expansion of MSCs to generate clinical grade products results in the accumulation of senescent-functionally impaired MSCs. Markers to assess the ‘senescent load’ of MSC products are needed. Methods Early and late passage human adipose tissue (AT) MSCs from pediatric and adult donors were characterized using established senescent markers [i.e., MSC size, granularity, and autofluorescence by flow cytometry; β-galactosidase staining (SA-β-gal); CDKN2A and CDKN1A by qRT-PCR]. In gene set enrichment analysis, DPP4 (also known as adenosine deaminase complexing protein 2 or CD26) was found as a prominent dysregulated transcript that was increased in late passage MSC(AT). This was confirmed in a larger number of MSC samples by PCR, flow cytometry, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. In vitro immunopotency assays compared the function of CD26high and CD26low MSC(AT). The effect of senolytics on the CD26high subpopulation was evaluated in senescent MSC(AT). Results Late passage MSC(AT) had a senescence transcriptome signature. DPP4 was the most differentially enriched gene in senescent MSCs. Late passage senescent MSC(AT) had higher CD26 surface levels and total protein abundance. Moreover, CD26 surface levels were higher in early passage MSC(AT) from adults compared to pediatric donors. CD26 abundance correlated with established senescence markers. CD26high MSC(AT) had reduced immunopotency compared to CD26low MSC(AT). Senolytic treatment induced MSC apoptosis, which decreased the frequencies of CD26high MSC(AT). Conclusions DPP4 gene expression and DPP4/CD26 protein abundance are markers of replicative senescence in MSC(AT). Samples enriched in CD26high MSC(AT) have reduced immunopotency and CD26high MSCs are reduced with senolytics. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-03026-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rose Triantafillia Psaroudis
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Office # EM2-3238, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Urvashi Singh
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Office # EM2-3238, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Maximilien Lora
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Office # EM2-3238, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Peter Jeon
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Office # EM2-3238, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Abigail Boursiquot
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Office # EM2-3238, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ursula Stochaj
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Inés Colmegna
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Office # EM2-3238, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lemire S, Thoma OM, Kreiss L, Völkl S, Friedrich O, Neurath MF, Schürmann S, Waldner MJ. Natural NADH and FAD Autofluorescence as Label-Free Biomarkers for Discriminating Subtypes and Functional States of Immune Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042338. [PMID: 35216453 PMCID: PMC8880312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cell activity is a major factor for disease progression in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Classifying the type and functional state of immune cells is therefore crucial in clinical diagnostics of IBD. Label-free optical technologies exploiting NADH and FAD autofluorescence, such as multiphoton microscopy, have been used to describe tissue morphology in healthy and inflamed colon samples. Nevertheless, a strategy for the identification of single immune cell subtypes within the tissue is yet to be developed. This work aims to initiate an understanding of autofluorescence changes depending on immune cell type and activation state. For this, NADH and FAD autofluorescence signals of different murine immune cell subtypes under native conditions, as well as upon in vitro stimulation and cell death, have been evaluated. Autofluorescence was assessed using flow cytometry and multiphoton microscopy. Our results reveal significantly increased NADH and FAD signals in innate immune cells compared to adaptive immune cells. This allowed identification of relative amounts of neutrophils and CD4+ T cells in mixed cell suspensions, by using NADH signals as a differentiation marker. Furthermore, in vitro stimulation significantly increased NADH and FAD autofluorescence in adaptive immune cells and macrophages. Cell death induced a significant drop in NADH autofluorescence, while FAD signals were hardly affected. Taken together, these results demonstrate the value of autofluorescence as a tool to characterize immune cells in different functional states, paving the way to the label-free clinical classification of IBD in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lemire
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (O.-M.T.); (L.K.); (M.F.N.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (M.J.W.); Tel.: +49-9131-8535894 (S.L.); +49-9131-8535000 (M.J.W.)
| | - Oana-Maria Thoma
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (O.-M.T.); (L.K.); (M.F.N.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lucas Kreiss
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (O.-M.T.); (L.K.); (M.F.N.)
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (O.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Simon Völkl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (O.F.); (S.S.)
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (O.-M.T.); (L.K.); (M.F.N.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schürmann
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (O.F.); (S.S.)
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian J. Waldner
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (O.-M.T.); (L.K.); (M.F.N.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (M.J.W.); Tel.: +49-9131-8535894 (S.L.); +49-9131-8535000 (M.J.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Platelet Lysate for Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Culture in the Canine and Equine Species: Analogous but Not the Same. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020189. [PMID: 35049811 PMCID: PMC8773277 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Regenerative medicine using platelet-based blood products or adult stem cells offers the prospect of better clinical outcomes with many diseases. In veterinary medicine, most progress has been made with the development and therapeutic use of these regenerative therapeutics in horses, but the clinical need is given in dogs as well. Our aim was to transfer previous advances in the development of horse regenerative therapeutics, specifically the use of platelet lysate for feeding stem cell cultures, to the dog. Here, we describe the scalable production of canine platelet lysate, which could be used in regenerative biological therapies. We also evaluated the canine platelet lysate for its suitability in feeding canine stem cell cultures in comparison to equine platelet lysate used for equine stem cell cultures. Platelet lysate production from canine blood was successful, but the platelet lysate did not support stem cell culture in dogs in the same beneficial way observed with the equine platelet lysate and stem cells. In conclusion, canine platelet lysate can be produced in large scales as described here, but further research is needed to improve the cultivation of canine stem cells. Abstract Platelet lysate (PL) is an attractive platelet-based therapeutic tool and has shown promise as xeno-free replacement for fetal bovine serum (FBS) in human and equine mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) culture. Here, we established a scalable buffy-coat-based protocol for canine PL (cPL) production (n = 12). The cPL was tested in canine adipose MSC (n = 5) culture compared to FBS. For further comparison, equine adipose MSC (n = 5) were cultured with analogous equine PL (ePL) or FBS. During canine blood processing, platelet and transforming growth factor-β1 concentrations increased (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001), while white blood cell concentrations decreased (p < 0.05). However, while equine MSC showed good results when cultured with 10% ePL, canine MSC cultured with 2.5% or 10% cPL changed their morphology and showed decreased metabolic activity (p < 0.05). Apoptosis and necrosis in canine MSC were increased with 2.5% cPL (p < 0.05). Surprisingly, passage 5 canine MSC showed less genetic aberrations after culture with 10% cPL than with FBS. Our data reveal that using analogous canine and equine biologicals does not entail the same results. The buffy-coat-based cPL was not adequate for canine MSC culture, but may still be useful for therapeutic applications.
Collapse
|
10
|
Guo X, Wang J, Zou W, Wei W, Guan X, Liu J. Exploring microenvironment strategies to delay mesenchymal stem cell senescence. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 31:38-52. [PMID: 34913751 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently emerged as an important candidate for cell therapy and tissue regeneration. However, some limitations in translational research and therapies still exist, such as insufficient cell supply, inadequate differentiation potential, and decreased immune capacity, all of which result from replicative senescence during long-term in vitro culture. In vitro, stem cells lack a protective microenvironment owing to the absence of physical and biochemical cues compared with the in vivo niche, which provides dynamic physicochemical and biological cues. This difference results in accelerated aging after long-term in vitro culture. Therefore, it remains a great challenge to delay replicative senescence in culture. Constructing a microenvironment to delay replicative senescence of MSCs by maintaining their phenotypes, properties, and functions is a feasible strategy to solve this problem and has made measurable progress both in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Here, we review the current knowledge on the characteristics of senescent MSCs, explore the molecular mechanisms of MSCs senescence, describe the niche of MSCs, and discuss some current microenvironment strategies to delay MSCs replicative senescence that can broaden their range of therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xunhui Guo
- First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 74710, Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, Dalian, China;
| | - Jiayi Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 74710, Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, Dalian, Dalian, China;
| | - Wei Zou
- Liaoning Normal University, 66523, College of Life Sciences, Dalian, China;
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 74710, Dalian, China, 116011;
| | - Xin Guan
- First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 74710, Dalian, China, 116011;
| | - Jing Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 74710, Dalian, China, 116011;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cai K, Mankar S, Ajiri T, Shirai K, Yotoriyama T. An integrated high-throughput microfluidic circulatory fluorescence-activated cell sorting system (μ-CFACS) for the enrichment of rare cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3112-3127. [PMID: 34286793 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00298h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing need for the enrichment of rare cells in the clinical environments of precision medicine, personalized medicine, and regenerative medicine. With the possibility of becoming the next-generation cell sorters, microfluidic fluorescence-activated cell sorting (μ-FACS) devices have been developed to avoid cross-contamination, minimize device footprint, and eliminate bio-aerosols. However, due to highly precise flow control, the achievable throughput of the μ-FACS system is generally lower than the throughput of conventional FACS devices. Here, we report a fully integrated high-throughput microfluidic circulatory fluorescence-activated cell sorting (μ-CFACS) system for the enrichment of clinical rare cells. A microfluidic sorting cartridge has been developed for enriching samples through a sequential sorting process, which was further realized by the integration of both fast amplified piezoelectrically actuated on-chip valves and compact pneumatic cylinders actuated on-chip valves. At an equivalent throughput of ∼8000 events per second (eps), the purity of rare fluorescent microparticles has been significantly increased from ∼0.01% to ∼27.97%. An enrichment of ∼9400-fold from 0.009% to 81.86% has also been demonstrated for isolating fluorescently labelled MCF-7 breast cancer cells from Jurkat cells at an equivalent sorting throughput of ∼6400 eps. With the advantages of high throughput and contamination-free design, the proposed integrated μ-CFACS system provides a new option for the enrichment of clinical rare cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Cai
- Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, 4-4-4 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2271, Japan.
| | - Shruti Mankar
- Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, 4-4-4 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2271, Japan.
| | - Taiga Ajiri
- Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, 4-4-4 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2271, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Shirai
- Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, 4-4-4 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2271, Japan.
| | - Tasuku Yotoriyama
- Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, 4-4-4 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2271, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|