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Alenezi T, Alrubaye B, Fu Y, Shrestha J, Algehani S, Wang H, Liyanage R, Sun X. Recombinant Bile Salt Hydrolase Enhances the Inhibition Efficiency of Taurodeoxycholic Acid against Clostridium perfringens Virulence. Pathogens 2024; 13:464. [PMID: 38921762 PMCID: PMC11206707 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is the main pathogen of chicken necrotic enteritis (NE) causing huge economic losses in the poultry industry. Although dietary secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid (DCA) reduced chicken NE, the accumulation of conjugated tauro-DCA (TDCA) raised concerns regarding DCA efficacy. In this study, we aimed to deconjugate TDCA by bile salt hydrolase (BSH) to increase DCA efficacy against the NE pathogen C. perfringens. Assays were conducted to evaluate the inhibition of C. perfringens growth, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production, and virulence gene expression by TDCA and DCA. BSH activity and sequence alignment were conducted to select the bsh gene for cloning. The bsh gene from Bifidobacterium longum was PCR-amplified and cloned into plasmids pET-28a (pET-BSH) and pDR111 (pDR-BSH) for expressing the BSH protein in E. coli BL21 and Bacillus subtilis 168 (B-sub-BSH), respectively. His-tag-purified BSH from BL21 cells was evaluated by SDS-PAGE, Coomassie blue staining, and a Western blot (WB) assays. Secretory BSH from B. subtilis was analyzed by a Dot-Blot. B-sub-BSH was evaluated for the inhibition of C. perfringens growth. C. perfringens growth reached 7.8 log10 CFU/mL after 24 h culture. C. perfringens growth was at 8 vs. 7.4, 7.8 vs. 2.6 and 6 vs. 0 log10 CFU/mL in 0.2, 0.5, and 1 mM TDCA vs. DCA, respectively. Compared to TDCA, DCA reduced C. perfringens H2S production and the virulence gene expression of asrA1, netB, colA, and virT. BSH activity was observed in Lactobacillus johnsonii and B. longum under anaerobe but not L. johnsonii under 10% CO2 air. After the sequence alignment of bsh from ten bacteria, bsh from B. longum was selected, cloned into pET-BSH, and sequenced at 951 bp. After pET-BSH was transformed in BL21, BSH expression was assessed around 35 kDa using Coomassie staining and verified for His-tag using WB. After the subcloned bsh and amylase signal peptide sequence was inserted into pDR-BSH, B. subtilis was transformed and named B-sub-BSH. The transformation was evaluated using PCR with B. subtilis around 3 kb and B-sub-BSH around 5 kb. Secretory BSH expressed from B-sub-BSH was determined for His-tag using Dot-Blot. Importantly, C. perfringens growth was reduced greater than 59% log10 CFU/mL in the B-sub-BSH media precultured with 1 vs. 0 mM TDCA. In conclusion, TDCA was less potent than DCA against C. perfringens virulence, and recombinant secretory BSH from B-sub-BSH reduced C. perfringens growth, suggesting a new potential intervention against the pathogen-induced chicken NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahrir Alenezi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.A.); (J.S.); (S.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- College of Medical Applied Sciences, The Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilal Alrubaye
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.A.); (J.S.); (S.A.); (H.W.)
| | - Ying Fu
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.A.); (J.S.); (S.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Janashrit Shrestha
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.A.); (J.S.); (S.A.); (H.W.)
| | - Samar Algehani
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.A.); (J.S.); (S.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.A.); (J.S.); (S.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Rohana Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Xiaolun Sun
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.A.); (J.S.); (S.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Alenezi T, Fu Y, Alrubaye B, Alanazi T, Almansour A, Wang H, Sun X. Potent Bile Acid Microbial Metabolites Modulate Clostridium perfringens Virulence. Pathogens 2023; 12:1202. [PMID: 37887718 PMCID: PMC10610205 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a versatile pathogen, inducing diseases in the skin, intestine (such as chicken necrotic enteritis (NE)), and other organs. The classical sign of NE is the foul smell gas in the ballooned small intestine. We hypothesized that deoxycholic acid (DCA) reduced NE by inhibiting C. perfringens virulence signaling pathways. To evaluate the hypothesis, C. perfringens strains CP1 and wild-type (WT) HN13 and its mutants were cultured with different bile acids, including DCA and isoallolithocholic acid (isoalloLCA). Growth, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production, and virulence gene expression were measured. Notably, isoalloLCA was more potent in reducing growth, H2S production, and virulence gene expression in CP1 and WT HN13 compared to DCA, while other bile acids were less potent compared to DCA. Interestingly, there was a slightly different impact between DCA and isoalloLCA on the growth, H2S production, and virulence gene expression in the three HN13 mutants, suggesting possibly different signaling pathways modulated by the two bile acids. In conclusion, DCA and isoalloLCA reduced C. perfringens virulence by transcriptionally modulating the pathogen signaling pathways. The findings could be used to design new strategies to prevent and treat C. perfringens-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahrir Alenezi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (T.A.); (Y.F.); (B.A.); (T.A.); (A.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- College of Medical Applied Sciences, The Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ying Fu
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (T.A.); (Y.F.); (B.A.); (T.A.); (A.A.); (H.W.)
| | - Bilal Alrubaye
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (T.A.); (Y.F.); (B.A.); (T.A.); (A.A.); (H.W.)
| | - Thamer Alanazi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (T.A.); (Y.F.); (B.A.); (T.A.); (A.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Ayidh Almansour
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (T.A.); (Y.F.); (B.A.); (T.A.); (A.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (T.A.); (Y.F.); (B.A.); (T.A.); (A.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Xiaolun Sun
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (T.A.); (Y.F.); (B.A.); (T.A.); (A.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Vaccines Using Clostridium perfringens Sporulation Proteins Reduce Necrotic Enteritis in Chickens. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061110. [PMID: 35744628 PMCID: PMC9228780 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is the prevalent enteric pathogen in humans and animals including chickens, and it remains largely elusive on the mechanism of C. perfringens-induced enteritis because of limited animal models available. In this study, we investigated the role of C. perfringens sporulation proteins as vaccine candidates in chickens to reduce necrotic enteritis (NE). C. perfringens soluble proteins of vegetative cells (CP-super1 and CP-super2) and spores (CP-spor-super1 and CP-spor-super2) were prepared, and cell and chicken experiments were conducted. We found that deoxycholic acid reduced C. perfringens invasion and sporulation using the Eimeria maxima and C. perfringens co-infection necrotic enteritis (NE) model. C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) was detected in the CP-spor-super1&2. CP-spor-super1 or 2 induced cell death in mouse epithelial CMT-93 and macrophage Raw 264.7 cells. CP-spor-super1 or 2 also induced inflammatory gene expression and necrosis in the Raw cells. Birds immunized with CP-spor-super1 or 2 were resistant to C. perfringens-induced severe clinical NE on histopathology and body weight gain loss. CP-spor-super1 vaccine reduced NE-induced proinflammatory Ifnγ gene expression as well as C. perfringens luminal colonization and tissue invasion in the small intestine. Together, this study showed that CP-spor-super vaccines reduced NE histopathology and productivity loss.
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Microbiota from Specific Pathogen-Free Mice Reduces Campylobacter jejuni Chicken Colonization. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111387. [PMID: 34832543 PMCID: PMC8621964 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni, a prevalent foodborne bacterial pathogen, is mainly transmitted from poultry with few effective prevention approaches. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of microbiota on C. jejuni chicken colonization. Microbiota from specific pathogen-free (SPF) mouse stools were collected as SPF-Aerobe and SPF-Anaerobe. Birds were colonized with SPF-Aerobe or SPF-Anaerobe at day 0 and infected with C. jejuni AR101 at day 12. Notably, C. jejuni AR101 colonized at 5.3 and 5.6 log10 C. jejuni CFU/g chicken cecal digesta at days 21 and 28, respectively, while both SPF-Aerobe and SPF-Anaerobe microbiota reduced pathogen colonization. Notably, SPF-Aerobe and SPF-Anaerobe increased cecal phylum Bacteroidetes and reduced phylum Firmicutes compared to those in the nontransplanted birds. Interestingly, microbiota from noninfected chickens, SPF-Aerobe, or SPF-Anaerobe inhibited AR101 in vitro growth, whereas microbiota from infected birds alone failed to reduce pathogen growth. The bacterium Enterobacter102 isolated from infected birds transplanted with SPF-Aerobe inhibited AR101 in vitro growth and reduced pathogen gut colonization in chickens. Together, SPF mouse microbiota was able to colonize chicken gut and reduce C. jejuni chicken colonization. The findings may help the development of effective strategies to reduce C. jejuni chicken contamination and campylobacteriosis.
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