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Licht G, Hofstetter K, Licht S. Buckypaper made with carbon nanotubes derived from CO 2. RSC Adv 2024; 14:27187-27195. [PMID: 39193298 PMCID: PMC11348762 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04358h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Unusual buckypapers, sheets of graphene nanocarbons (GNCs) such as carbon nanotubes, were formed with GNCs directly derived from CO2 via molten carbonate electrolysis. Examples are presented for buckypapers made from CO2 using either crushed or chemically washed GNCs, epoxy-infused CNTs, or GNCs pressed directly using a hot electrolyte to remove excess electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Licht
- Direct Air Capture LLC, A4 188 Triple Diamond Blvd North Venice FL 34275 USA
| | | | - Stuart Licht
- Direct Air Capture LLC, A4 188 Triple Diamond Blvd North Venice FL 34275 USA
- Carbon Corp 1035 26 St NE Calgary AB T2A 6K8 Canada
- Dept. of Chemistry, George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
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Laasonen E, Sorvali M, Ruuskanen V, Niemelä M, Koiranen T, Ahola J, Mäkelä JM, Joronen T. The effect of metal dissolution on carbon production by high-temperature molten salt electrolysis. J CO2 UTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2023.102390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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3
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CO2 metallothermic conversion to valuable nanocarbons by mixed Mg/Ca reductant. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Seekaew Y, Tammanoon N, Tuantranont A, Lomas T, Wisitsoraat A, Wongchoosuk C. Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Chemical Vapor Deposited Graphene with Controllable Number of Layers via Hydrogen Plasma Pre-Treatment. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12080796. [PMID: 36005711 PMCID: PMC9412882 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12080796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas into graphene on copper foil by using a thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method assisted by hydrogen (H2) plasma pre-treatment. The synthesized graphene has been characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results show the controllable number of layers (two to six layers) of high-quality graphene by adjusting H2 plasma pre-treatment powers (100-400 W). The number of layers is reduced with increasing H2 plasma pre-treatment powers due to the direct modification of metal catalyst surfaces. Bilayer graphene can be well grown with H2 plasma pre-treatment powers of 400 W while few-layer graphene has been successfully formed under H2 plasma pre-treatment powers ranging from 100 to 300 W. The formation mechanism is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotsarayuth Seekaew
- Graphene and Printed Electronics Research Division (GPERD), National Security and Dual-Use Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahon Yothin Road, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Phathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bang Kapi, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Nantikan Tammanoon
- Graphene and Printed Electronics Research Division (GPERD), National Security and Dual-Use Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahon Yothin Road, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Phathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Adisorn Tuantranont
- Graphene and Printed Electronics Research Division (GPERD), National Security and Dual-Use Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahon Yothin Road, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Phathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Tanom Lomas
- Graphene and Printed Electronics Research Division (GPERD), National Security and Dual-Use Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahon Yothin Road, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Phathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Anurat Wisitsoraat
- Graphene and Printed Electronics Research Division (GPERD), National Security and Dual-Use Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahon Yothin Road, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Phathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chatchawal Wongchoosuk
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Marin D, Marchesan S. Carbon Graphitization: Towards Greener Alternatives to Develop Nanomaterials for Targeted Drug Delivery. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1320. [PMID: 35740342 PMCID: PMC9220131 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials have attracted great interest for their unique physico-chemical properties for various applications, including medicine and, in particular, drug delivery, to solve the most challenging unmet clinical needs. Graphitization is a process that has become very popular for their production or modification. However, traditional conditions are energy-demanding; thus, recent efforts have been devoted to the development of greener routes that require lower temperatures or that use waste or byproducts as a carbon source in order to be more sustainable. In this concise review, we analyze the progress made in the last five years in this area, as well as in their development as drug delivery agents, focusing on active targeting, and conclude with a perspective on the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Marchesan
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
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Dlamini N, Mukaya HE, Nkazi D. Carbon-based nanomaterials production from environmental pollutant byproducts: A Review. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Controlled Transition Metal Nucleated Growth of Carbon Nanotubes by Molten Electrolysis of CO2. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrolysis of CO2 in molten carbonate has been introduced as an alternative mechanism to synthesize carbon nanomaterials inexpensively at high yield. Until recently, CO2 was thought to be unreactive, making its removal a challenge. CO2 is the main cause of anthropogenic global warming and its utilization and transformation into a stable, valuable material provides an incentivized pathway to mitigate climate change. This study focuses on controlled electrochemical conditions in molten lithium carbonate to split CO2 absorbed from the atmosphere into carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and into various macroscopic assemblies of CNTs, which may be useful for nano-filtration. Different CNT morphologies were prepared electrochemically by variation of the anode and cathode composition and architecture, variation of the electrolyte composition pre-electrolysis processing, and variation of the current application and current density. Individual CNT morphologies’ structures and the CNT molten carbonate growth mechanisms are explored using SEM (scanning electron microscopy), TEM (transmission electron micrsocopy), HAADF (high angle annular dark field), EDX (energy dispersive xray), X-ray diffraction), and Raman methods. The principle commercial technology for CNT production had been chemical vapor deposition, which is an order of magnitude more expensive, generally requires metallo-organics, rather than CO2 as reactants, and can be highly energy and CO2 emission intensive (carries a high carbon positive, rather than negative, footprint).
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Abstract
This study describes a world of new carbon “fullerene” allotropes that may be synthesized by molten carbonate electrolysis using greenhouse CO2 as the reactant. Beyond the world of conventional diamond, graphite and buckyballs, a vast array of unique nanocarbon structures exist. Until recently, CO2 was thought to be unreactive. Here, we show that CO2 can be transformed into distinct nano-bamboo, nano-pearl, nano-dragon, solid and hollow nano-onion, nano-tree, nano-rod, nano-belt and nano-flower morphologies of carbon. The capability to produce these allotropes at high purity by a straightforward electrolysis, analogous to aluminum production splitting of aluminum oxide, but instead nanocarbon production by splitting CO2, opens an array of inexpensive unique materials with exciting new high strength, electrical and thermal conductivity, flexibility, charge storage, lubricant and robustness properties. Commercial production technology of nanocarbons had been chemical vapor deposition, which is ten-fold more expensive, generally requires metallo-organics reactants and has a highly carbon-positive rather than carbon-negative footprint. Different nanocarbon structures were prepared electrochemically by variation of anode and cathode composition and architecture, electrolyte composition, pre-electrolysis processing and current ramping and current density. Individual allotrope structures and initial growth mechanisms are explored by SEM, TEM, HAADF EDX, XRD and Raman spectroscopy.
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Wang P, Wang M, Lu J. Electrochemical conversion of CO 2 into value-added carbon with desirable structures via molten carbonates electrolysis. RSC Adv 2021; 11:28535-28541. [PMID: 35478554 PMCID: PMC9038070 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03890g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct conversion of CO2 to high value-added carbon products based on molten salt electrochemistry has been proven to be a feasible approach to solve the climate problem and achieve carbon neutrality. In this work, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon spheres (CSs) and honeycomb carbon are synthesized by electrolysis of a single or multiple alkali metal carbonate electrolyte. The elemental composition, morphology and structure, crystallinity and graphitization degree of carbon products are characterized by electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman microspectroscopy (RAM). The results demonstrate that a high yield of CNTs is obtained in Li2CO3 electrolyte by regulating the electrolysis temperature and current density. Compared to pure Li2CO3, Li-Na carbonate electrolyte with 1 wt% stannic oxide/cerium oxide (SnO2/GeO2) favors CS formation rather than CNT formation. Additionally, honeycomb carbon products are generated in Li-Na-K electrolyte, when the electrolysis temperature is lower than 600 °C. Overall, this work provides a novel carbon neutral strategy where high value-added carbon products are synthesized using CO2 as a carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318 China
| | - Mingzhi Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318 China
| | - Jianqiao Lu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318 China
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Abstract
This introduction to the Faraday Discussion on carbon dioxide utilization (CDU) provides a framework to lay out the need for CDU, the opportunities, boundary conditions, potential pitfalls, and critical needs to advance the required technologies in the time needed. CDU as a mainstream climate-relevant solution is gaining rapid traction as measured by the increase in the number of related publications, the investment activity, and the political action taken in various countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Sick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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