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Zhang Y, Deng Y, Wang C, Li S, Lau FTK, Zhou J, Zhang T. Effects of operational parameters on bacterial communities in Hong Kong and global wastewater treatment plants. mSystems 2024; 9:e0133323. [PMID: 38411061 PMCID: PMC10949511 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01333-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are indispensable biotechnology facilities for modern cities and play an essential role in modern urban infrastructure by employing microorganisms to remove pollutants in wastewater, thus protecting public health and the environment. This study conducted a 13-month bacterial community survey of six full-scale WWTPs in Hong Kong with samples of influent, activated sludge (AS), and effluent to explore their synchronism and asynchronism of bacterial community. Besides, we compared AS results of six Hong Kong WWTPs with data from 1,186 AS amplicon data in 269 global WWTPs and a 9-year metagenomic sequencing survey of a Hong Kong WWTP. Our results showed the compositions of bacterial communities varied and the bacterial community structure of AS had obvious differences across Hong Kong WWTPs. The co-occurrence analysis identified 40 pairs of relationships that existed among Hong Kong WWTPs to show solid associations between two species and stochastic processes took large proportions for the bacterial community assembly of six WWTPs. The abundance and distribution of the functional bacteria in worldwide and Hong Kong WWTPs were examined and compared, and we found that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria had more diversity than nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. Besides, Hong Kong WWTPs could make great contributions to the genome mining of microbial dark matter in the global "wanted list." Operational parameters had important effects on OTUs' abundance, such as the temperature to the genera of Tetrasphaera, Gordonia and Nitrospira. All these results obtained from this study can deepen our understanding of the microbial ecology in WWTPs and provide foundations for further studies. IMPORTANCE Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are an indispensable component of modern cities, as they can remove pollutants in wastewater to prevent anthropogenic activities. Activated sludge (AS) is a fundamental wastewater treatment process and it harbors a highly complex microbial community that forms the main components and contains functional groups. Unveiling "who is there" is a long-term goal of the research on AS microbiology. High-throughput sequencing provides insights into the inventory diversity of microbial communities to an unprecedented level of detail. At present, the analysis of communities in WWTPs usually comes from a specific WWTP and lacks comparisons and verification among different WWTPs. The wide-scale and long-term sampling project and research in this study could help us evaluate the AS community more accurately to find the similarities and different results for different WWTPs in Hong Kong and other regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zhang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuxian Li
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Frankie T. K. Lau
- Drainage Services Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China, Wanchai, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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Santillan E, Yasumaru F, Vethathirri RS, Thi SS, Hoon HY, Sian DCP, Wuertz S. Microbial community-based protein from soybean-processing wastewater as a sustainable alternative fish feed ingredient. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2620. [PMID: 38297061 PMCID: PMC10831065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51737-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
As the global demand for food increases, aquaculture plays a key role as the fastest growing animal protein sector. However, existing aquafeeds contain protein ingredients that are not sustainable under current production systems. We evaluated the use of microbial community-based single cell protein (SCP), produced from soybean processing wastewater, as a partial fishmeal protein substitute in juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). A 24-day feeding trial was conducted with a control fishmeal diet and a 50% fishmeal replacement with microbial community-based SCP as an experimental group, in triplicate tanks containing 20 fish each. Both diets met the protein, essential amino acids (except for lysine), and fat requirements for juvenile Asian sea bass. The microbial composition of the SCP was dominated by the genera Acidipropionibacterium and Propioniciclava, which have potential as probiotics and producers of valuable metabolites. The growth performance in terms of percent weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), and survival were not significantly different between groups after 24 days. The experimental group had less variability in terms of weight gain and FCR than the control group. Overall, microbial community-based protein produced from soybean processing wastewater has potential as a value-added feed ingredient for sustainable aquaculture feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Santillan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Fanny Yasumaru
- Aquaculture Innovation Centre, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore, 529757, Singapore
| | - Ramanujam Srinivasan Vethathirri
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sara Swa Thi
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Hui Yi Hoon
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Diana Chan Pek Sian
- Aquaculture Innovation Centre, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore, 529757, Singapore.
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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Vethathirri RS, Santillan E, Thi SS, Hoon HY, Wuertz S. Microbial community-based production of single cell protein from soybean-processing wastewater of variable chemical composition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162241. [PMID: 36804981 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of food-processing wastewaters to produce microbial biomass-derived single cell protein (SCP) is a sustainable way to meet the global food demand. Microbial community-based approaches to SCP production have the potential benefits of lower costs and greater resource recovery compared to pure cultures, yet they have received scarce attention. Here, SCP production from soybean-processing wastewaters using their existent microbial communities was evaluated. Six sequencing batch reactors of 4.5-L working volume were operated at 30 °C for 34 d in cycles consisting of 3-h anaerobic and 9-h aerobic phases. Four reactors received no microbial inoculum and the remaining two were amended with 1.5 L of a mixed culture from a prior SCP production cycle. Reactors produced more SCP when fed with wastewaters of higher soluble total Kjeldahl nitrogen (sTKN) content. The protein yield in biomass ranged from 0.53 to 3.13 g protein/g sTKN, with a maximum protein content of 50 %. The average removal of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) and soluble total nitrogen (sTN) was 92 % and 73 %, respectively. Distinct microbial genera were enriched in all six bioreactors, with Azospirillum, Rhodobacter, Lactococcus, and Novosphingobium dominating. The study showed that constituents in soybean wastewater can be converted to SCP and demonstrated the effect of variable influent wastewater composition on SCP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanujam Srinivasan Vethathirri
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ezequiel Santillan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Sara Swa Thi
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Hui Yi Hoon
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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Jang Y, Lee SH, Kim NK, Ahn CH, Rittmann BE, Park HD. Biofilm characteristics for providing resilient denitrification in a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 231:119654. [PMID: 36702020 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor (H2-MBfR), the biofilm thickness is considered to be one of the most important factors for denitrification. Thick biofilms in MBfRs are known for low removal fluxes owing to their resistance to substrate transport. In this study, the H2-MBfR was operated under various loading rates of oxyanions, such as NO3-N, SO4-S, and ClO4- at an H2 flux of 1.06 e- eq/m2-d. The experiment was initiated with NO3-N, SO4-S, and ClO4- loadings of 0.464, 0.026, and 0.211 e- eq/m2-d, respectively, at 20 °C. Under the most stressful conditions, the loading rates increased simultaneously to 1.911, 0.869, and 0.108 e- eq/m2-d, respectively, at 10 °C. We observed improved performance in significantly thicker biofilms (approximately 2.7 cm) compared to previous studies using a denitrifying H2-MBfR for 120 days. Shock oxyanion loadings led to a decrease in total nitrogen (TN) removal by 20 to 30%, but TN removal returned to 100% within a few days. Similarly, complete denitrification was observed, even at 10 °C. The protective function and microbial diversity of the thick biofilm may allow stable denitrification despite stress-imposing conditions. In the microbial community analysis, heterotrophs were dominant and acetogens accounted for 11% of the biofilm. Metagenomic results showed a high abundance of functional genes involved in organic carbon metabolism and homoacetogenesis. Owing to the presence of organic compounds produced by acetogens and autotrophs, heterotrophic denitrification may occur simultaneously with autotrophic denitrification. As a result, the total removal flux of oxyanions (1.84 e- eq/m2-d) far exceeded the H2 flux (1.06 e- eq/m2-d). Thus, the large accumulation of biofilms could contribute to good resilience and enhanced removal fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsun Jang
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Kyung Kim
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Ahn
- The graduate school of construction engineering, Chung-ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Bruce E Rittmann
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America.
| | - Hee-Deung Park
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Suarez C, Sedlacek CJ, Gustavsson DJI, Eiler A, Modin O, Hermansson M, Persson F. Disturbance-based management of ecosystem services and disservices in partial nitritation-anammox biofilms. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:47. [PMID: 35676296 PMCID: PMC9178042 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance and resilience provided by functional redundancy, a common feature of microbial communities, is not always advantageous. An example is nitrite oxidation in partial nitritation-anammox (PNA) reactors designed for nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment, where suppression of nitrite oxidizers like Nitrospira is sought. In these ecosystems, biofilms provide microhabitats with oxygen gradients, allowing the coexistence of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. We designed a disturbance experiment where PNA biofilms, treating water from a high-rate activated sludge process, were constantly or intermittently exposed to anaerobic sidestream wastewater, which has been proposed to inhibit nitrite oxidizers. With increasing sidestream exposure we observed decreased abundance, alpha-diversity, functional versatility, and hence functional redundancy, among Nitrospira in the PNA biofilms, while the opposite patterns were observed for anammox bacteria within Brocadia. At the same time, species turnover was observed for aerobic ammonia-oxidizing Nitrosomonas populations. The different exposure regimens were associated with metagenomic assembled genomes of Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira, and Brocadia, encoding genes related to N-cycling, substrate usage, and osmotic stress response, possibly explaining the three different patterns by niche differentiation. These findings imply that disturbances can be used to manage the functional redundancy of biofilm microbiomes in a desirable direction, which should be considered when designing operational strategies for wastewater treatment.
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Santillan E, Wuertz S. Microbiome assembly predictably shapes diversity across a range of disturbance frequencies in experimental microcosms. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:41. [PMID: 35562363 PMCID: PMC9106739 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversity is often implied to have a positive effect on the functional stability of ecological communities. However, its relationship with stochastic and deterministic assembly mechanisms remains largely unknown, particularly under fluctuating disturbances. Here, we subjected complex bacterial communities in microcosms to different frequencies of alteration in substrate feeding scheme, tracking temporal dynamics in their assembly, structure and function. Activated sludge bioreactors were subjected to six different frequencies of double organic loading, either never (undisturbed), every 8, 6, 4, or 2 days (intermediately disturbed), or every day (press disturbed), and operated in daily cycles for 42 days. Null modeling revealed a stronger role of stochastic assembly at intermediate disturbance frequencies, with a peak in stochasticity that preceded the occurrence of a peak in α-diversity. Communities at extreme ends of the disturbance range had the lowest α-diversity and highest within-treatment similarity in terms of β-diversity, with stronger deterministic assembly. Increased carbon removal and microbial aggregate settleability (general functions) correlated with stronger deterministic processes. In contrast, higher stochasticity correlated with higher nitrogen removal (a specialized function) only during initial successional stages at intermediate disturbance frequencies. We show that changes in assembly processes predictably precede changes in diversity under a gradient of disturbance frequencies, advancing our understanding of the mechanisms behind disturbance-diversity-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Santillan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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Vethathirri RS, Santillan E, Wuertz S. Microbial community-based protein production from wastewater for animal feed applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125723. [PMID: 34411939 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Single cell protein (SCP) derived from microbial biomass represents a promising source of protein for animal feed additives. While microbial community-based approaches to SCP production using nutrient-rich wastewaters incur lower costs than traditional single organism-based approaches, they have received little attention. This review focuses on SCP production using wastewaters with an emphasis on food-processing wastewaters. An elemental carbon-to-nitrogen ratio ranging from 10 to 20 is recommended to promote a high microbial biomass protein yield. Proteobacteria was identified as the most prevalent phylum within SCP-producing microbial communities. More research is needed to determine the composition of the microbial community best suited for SCP production, as well as its relationship with the microbial community in influent food-processing wastewaters. Remaining challenges are target protein and essential amino acids content, protein quantification and biomass yield assessment. The review presents bioreactor design considerations towards defining suitable operating conditions for SCP production through microbial community-based fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanujam Srinivasan Vethathirri
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ezequiel Santillan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Spieck E, Wegen S, Keuter S. Relevance of Candidatus Nitrotoga for nitrite oxidation in technical nitrogen removal systems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:7123-7139. [PMID: 34508283 PMCID: PMC8494671 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Many biotechnological applications deal with nitrification, one of the main steps of the global nitrogen cycle. The biological oxidation of ammonia to nitrite and further to nitrate is critical to avoid environmental damage and its functioning has to be retained even under adverse conditions. Bacteria performing the second reaction, oxidation of nitrite to nitrate, are fastidious microorganisms that are highly sensitive against disturbances. One important finding with relevance for nitrogen removal systems was the discovery of the mainly cold-adapted Cand. Nitrotoga, whose activity seems to be essential for the recovery of nitrite oxidation in wastewater treatment plants at low temperatures, e.g., during cold seasons. Several new strains of this genus have been recently described and ecophysiologically characterized including genome analyses. With increasing diversity, also mesophilic Cand. Nitrotoga representatives have been detected in activated sludge. This review summarizes the natural distribution and driving forces defining niche separation in artificial nitrification systems. Further critical aspects for the competition with Nitrospira and Nitrobacter are discussed. Knowledge about the physiological capacities and limits of Cand. Nitrotoga can help to define physico-chemical parameters for example in reactor systems that need to be run at low temperatures. Key points • Characterization of the psychrotolerant nitrite oxidizer Cand. Nitrotoga • Comparison of the physiological features of Cand. Nitrotoga with those of other NOB • Identification of beneficial environmental/operational parameters for proliferation Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-021-11487-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Spieck
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Simone Wegen
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Keuter
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Saeedi Saravi SS, Bonetti NR, Pugin B, Constancias F, Pasterk L, Gobbato S, Akhmedov A, Liberale L, Lüscher TF, Camici GG, Beer JH. Lifelong dietary omega-3 fatty acid suppresses thrombotic potential through gut microbiota alteration in aged mice. iScience 2021; 24:102897. [PMID: 34401676 PMCID: PMC8355916 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including thrombotic events. The gut microbiota has been implicated in the development of thrombotic risk. Plant-derived omega-3 fatty acid ɑ-linolenic acid (ALA) confers beneficial anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory effects. Hence, antithrombotic activity elicited by ALA may be partly dependent on its interaction with gut microbiota during aging. Here, we demonstrate that lifelong dietary ALA decreases platelet hyperresponsiveness and thrombus formation in aged mice. These phenotypic changes can be partly attributed to alteration of microbial composition and reduction of its metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, as well as the upregulated production of short-chain fatty acid acetate. ALA-rich diet also dampens secretion of increased procoagulant factors, tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, in aged mice. Our results suggest long-term ALA supplementation as an attractive, accessible, and well-tolerated nutritional strategy against age-associated platelet hyperreactivity and thrombotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
- Laboratory for Platelet Research, Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baden, Im Ergel 1, 5404 Baden, Switzerland
| | - Nicole R. Bonetti
- Laboratory for Platelet Research, Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baden, Im Ergel 1, 5404 Baden, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Pugin
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florentin Constancias
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Pasterk
- Laboratory for Platelet Research, Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sara Gobbato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baden, Im Ergel 1, 5404 Baden, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Akhmedov
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Luca Liberale
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Thomas F. Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Giovanni G. Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg H. Beer
- Laboratory for Platelet Research, Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baden, Im Ergel 1, 5404 Baden, Switzerland
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