1
|
Ibrahim H, Retailleau K, Hornby F, Maignel J, Beard M, Daly DM. A Novel Catalytically Inactive Construct of Botulinum Neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) Directly Inhibits Visceral Sensory Signalling. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:30. [PMID: 38251246 PMCID: PMC10820156 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) is a potent neurotoxin that silences cholinergic neurotransmission through the cleavage of the synaptic protein SNAP-25. Previous studies have shown that, in addition to its paralytic effects, BoNT/A can inhibit sensory nerve activity. The aim of this study was to identify how BoNT/A inhibits afferent signalling from the bladder. To investigate the role of SNAP-25 cleavage in the previously reported BoNT/A-dependent inhibition of sensory signalling, we developed a recombinant form of BoNT/A with an inactive light chain, rBoNT/A (0), unable to paralyse muscle. We also developed recombinant light chain (LC)-domain-only proteins to better understand the entry mechanisms, as the heavy chain (HC) of the protein is responsible for the internalisation of the light chain. We found that, despite a lack of catalytic activity, rBoNT/A (0) potently inhibited the afferent responses to bladder distension to a greater degree than catalytically active rBoNT/A. This was also clear from the testing of the LC-only proteins, as the inactive rLC/A (0) protein inhibited afferent responses significantly more than the active rLC/A protein. Immunohistochemistry for cleaved SNAP-25 was negative, and purinergic and nitrergic antagonists partially and totally reversed the sensory inhibition, respectively. These data suggest that the BoNT/A inhibition of sensory nerve activity in this assay is not due to the classical well-characterised 'double-receptor' mechanism of BoNT/A, is independent of SNAP25 cleavage and involves nitrergic and purinergic signalling mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hodan Ibrahim
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston Campus, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
- Ipsen, Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK; (F.H.); (M.B.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Donna Marie Daly
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston Campus, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Munteanu R, Feder RI, Onaciu A, Munteanu VC, Iuga CA, Gulei D. Insights into the Human Microbiome and Its Connections with Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092539. [PMID: 37174009 PMCID: PMC10177521 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome represents the diversity of microorganisms that live together at different organ sites, influencing various physiological processes and leading to pathological conditions, even carcinogenesis, in case of a chronic imbalance. Additionally, the link between organ-specific microbiota and cancer has attracted the interest of numerous studies and projects. In this review article, we address the important aspects regarding the role of gut, prostate, urinary and reproductive system, skin, and oral cavity colonizing microorganisms in prostate cancer development. Various bacteria, fungi, virus species, and other relevant agents with major implications in cancer occurrence and progression are also described. Some of them are assessed based on their values of prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers, while others are presented for their anti-cancer properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Munteanu
- Department of In Vivo Studies, Research Center for Advanced Medicine-MEDFUTURE, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Victor Babes Street 8, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Richard-Ionut Feder
- Department of In Vivo Studies, Research Center for Advanced Medicine-MEDFUTURE, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Onaciu
- Department of NanoBioPhysics, Research Center for Advanced Medicine-MEDFUTURE, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physics and Biophysics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 6, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad Cristian Munteanu
- Department of Urology, The Oncology Institute "Prof Dr. Ion Chiricuta", 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Urology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina-Adela Iuga
- Department of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Research Center for Advanced Medicine-MEDFUTURE, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Louis Pasteur Street 6, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 6, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Gulei
- Department of In Vivo Studies, Research Center for Advanced Medicine-MEDFUTURE, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hashimoto D, Fujimoto K, Kim SW, Lee YS, Nakata M, Suzuki K, Wada Y, Asamura S, Yamada G. Emerging structural and pathological analyses on the erectile organ, corpus cavernous containing sinusoids. Reprod Med Biol 2023; 22:e12539. [PMID: 37663955 PMCID: PMC10472535 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The corpus cavernosum (CC) containing sinusoids plays fundamental roles for erection. Analysis of pathological changes in the erectile system is studied by recent experimental systems. Various in vitro models utilizing genital mesenchymal-derived cells and explant culture systems are summarized. Methods 3D reconstruction of section images of murine CC was created. Ectopic chondrogenesis in aged mouse CC was shown by a gene expression study revealing the prominent expression of Sox9. Various experimental strategies utilizing mesenchyme-derived primary cells and tissue explants are introduced. Main Findings Possible roles of Sox9 in chondrogenesis and its regulation by several signals are suggested. The unique character of genital mesenchyme is shown by various analyses of external genitalia (ExG) derived cells and explant cultures. Such strategies are also applied to the analysis of erectile contraction/relaxation responses to many signals and aging process. Conclusion Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the essential topics for the modern aged society. More comprehensive studies are necessary to reveal the nature of the erectile system by combining multiple cell culture strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Hashimoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of MedicineKindai UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Kota Fujimoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Sang Woon Kim
- Department of Urology, Urological Science InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yong Seung Lee
- Department of Urology, Urological Science InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Masanori Nakata
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of YamanashiYamanashiJapan
| | - Yoshitaka Wada
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Shinichi Asamura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Urinary ATP Levels Are Controlled by Nucleotidases Released from the Urothelium in a Regulated Manner. Metabolites 2022; 13:metabo13010030. [PMID: 36676954 PMCID: PMC9862892 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is released in the bladder lumen during filling. Urothelial ATP is presumed to regulate bladder excitability. Urinary ATP is suggested as a urinary biomarker of bladder dysfunctions since ATP is increased in the urine of patients with overactive bladder, interstitial cystitis or bladder pain syndrome. Altered urinary ATP might also be associated with voiding dysfunctions linked to disease states associated with metabolic syndrome. Extracellular ATP levels are determined by ATP release and ATP hydrolysis by membrane-bound and soluble nucleotidases (s-NTDs). It is currently unknown whether s-NTDs regulate urinary ATP. Using etheno-ATP substrate and HPLC-FLD detection techniques, we found that s-NTDs are released in the lumen of ex vivo mouse detrusor-free bladders. Capillary immunoelectrophoresis by ProteinSimple Wes determined that intraluminal solutions (ILS) collected at the end of filling contain ENTPD3 > ENPP1 > ENPP3 ≥ ENTPD2 = NT5E = ALPL/TNAP. Activation of adenylyl cyclase with forskolin increased luminal s-NTDs release whereas the AC inhibitor SQ22536 had no effect. In contrast, forskolin reduced and SQ22536 increased s-NTDs release in the lamina propria. Adenosine enhanced s-NTDs release and accelerated ATP hydrolysis in ILS and lamina propria. Therefore, there is a regulated release of s-NTDs in the bladder lumen during filling. Aberrant release or functions of urothelial s-NTDs might cause elevated urinary ATP in conditions with abnormal bladder excitability.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu Y, Li J, Dong L, Luo P, Zhang G, Rong W. Activation of uroepithelial 5-HT4R inhibits mechanosensory activity of murine bladder afferent nerves. Front Physiol 2022; 13:990178. [PMID: 36176773 PMCID: PMC9514655 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.990178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is known to act via multiple 5-HT receptors at spinal and supraspinal levels to regulate micturition. However, the contribution of peripheral 5-HT and its receptors in bladder physiology and pathology is not very well understood, despite evidence showing expression of multiple 5-HT receptors in the bladder wall and 5-HT may activate bladder afferent nerves. The current study was designed to investigate the possible role of 5-HT4R in modulation of the sensitivity of bladder afferents to bladder filling. Immunofluorescent staining showed abundant 5-HT4R immunoreactivity largely confined to the uroepithelium in wild type (WT) but not 5-HT4R−/− mice. In the ex vivo bladder-pelvic nerve preparation, intravesical application of the 5-HT4R agonist RS67333 (1–30 μm) caused concentration-dependent decreases of the pelvic nerve response to bladder filling. Such effect was not observed in the presence of 5-HT4R antagonist GR125487 or in 5-HT4R−/− preparations. A cohort of 5-HT4R−/− and WT control mice were treated with intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide (CYP) (75 mg/kg, three times at 2 days interval) to induce chronic cystitis. Void spot analysis showed that CYP-treated 5-HT4R−/− mice urinated more frequently than their CYP-treated WT counterparts. Concomitantly, bladder afferents of CYP-treated 5-HT4R−/− mice displayed exaggerated sensitivity to bladder filling in comparison with the CYP-treated WT controls. These data suggest that 5-HT4R expressed on uroepithelial cells plays an inhibitory role in mechanosensory transduction in the bladder. Loss of 5-HT4R-mediated inhibition may enhance bladder afferent sensitivity and exacerbate bladder overactivity in pathological conditions. We propose that 5-HT4R agonists might be exploited for the treatment of overactive and painful bladder symptoms.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hsu LN, Hu JC, Chen PY, Lee WC, Chuang YC. Metabolic Syndrome and Overactive Bladder Syndrome May Share Common Pathophysiologies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081957. [PMID: 36009505 PMCID: PMC9405560 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by a group of cardiovascular risk factors, including impaired glucose tolerance, central obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome consists of symptoms such as urinary urgency, frequency, and nocturia with or without urge incontinence. The high prevalences of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and overactive bladder (OAB) worldwide affect quality of life and cause profound negative impacts on the social economy. Accumulated evidence suggests that MetS might contribute to the underlying mechanisms for developing OAB, and MetS-associated OAB could be a subtype of OAB. However, how could these two syndromes interact with each other? Based on results of animal studies and observations in epidemiological studies, we summarized the common pathophysiologies existing between MetS and OAB, including autonomic and peripheral neuropathies, chronic ischemia, proinflammatory status, dysregulation of nutrient-sensing pathways (e.g., insulin resistance at the bladder mucosa and excessive succinate intake), and the probable role of dysbiosis. Since the MetS-associated OAB is a subtype of OAB with distinctive pathophysiologies, the regular and non-specific medications, such as antimuscarinics, beta-3 agonist, and botulinum toxin injection, might lead to unsatisfying results. Understanding the pathophysiologies of MetS-associated OAB might benefit future studies exploring novel biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic targets on both MetS and OAB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Nei Hsu
- Department of Urology, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan City 833, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chuan Hu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Chen
- Division of Urology, Yunlin Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Yunlin 638, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chia Lee
- Division of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-7317123 (ext. 8094); Fax: 886-7-7318762
| | - Yao-Chi Chuang
- Division of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Horváth A, Pandur E, Sipos K, Micalizzi G, Mondello L, Böszörményi A, Birinyi P, Horváth G. Anti-inflammatory effects of lavender and eucalyptus essential oils on the in vitro cell culture model of bladder pain syndrome using T24 cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:119. [PMID: 35490236 PMCID: PMC9055718 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interstitial cystitis (IC) has a chronic chemical irritation and inflammation of non-bacterial origin in the bladder wall leading to various severe symptoms. There is evidence that chronic inflammation is significantly associated with abnormal urothelial barrier function, epithelial dysfunction. This is the underlying cause of urothelial apoptosis and sterile inflammation. METHOD The anti-inflammatory effects of lavender and eucalyptus essential oils (EOs) and their main components (linalool and eucalyptol) were investigated in the T24 human bladder epithelial cell line on TNFα stimulated inflammation, at 3 types of treatment schedule. The mRNA of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) were measured by Real Time PCR. Human IL-8 ELISA measurement was performed as well at 3 types of treatment schedule. The effects of lavender and eucalyptus EOs and their main components were compared to the response to NFκB inhibitor ACHP (2-amino-6-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-6-hydroxyphenyl]-4-(4-piperidinyl)-3-pyridinecarbonitrile). RESULT There is no significant difference statistically, but measurements show that lavender EOs are more effective than eucalyptus EO. Long time treatment (24 h) of both lavender EO and linalool showed higher effect in decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression than ACHP inhibitor following TNFα pre-treatment. Moreover, both lavender EOs were found to be significantly more effective in decreasing IL-8 secretion of T24 cells after TNFα pre-treatment compared to the ACHP NFκB-inhibitor. CONCLUSION The lavender EOs may be suitable for use as an adjunct to intravesical therapy of IC. Their anti-inflammatory effect could well complement glycosaminoglycan-regenerative therapy in the urinary bladder after appropriate pharmaceutical formulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Horváth
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624, Rókus u. 2, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624, Rókus u. 2, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Edina Pandur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624, Rókus u. 2, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Katalin Sipos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624, Rókus u. 2, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Giuseppe Micalizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Böszörményi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Üllői út 26, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Birinyi
- Mikszáth Pharmacy, H-1088, Mikszát Kálmán tér 4, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Horváth
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624, Rókus u. 2, Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Che B, Zhang W, Xu S, Yin J, He J, Huang T, Li W, Yu Y, Tang K. Prostate Microbiota and Prostate Cancer: A New Trend in Treatment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:805459. [PMID: 34956913 PMCID: PMC8702560 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.805459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer have gradually begun to decline in the past few years, it is still one of the leading causes of death from malignant tumors in the world. The occurrence and development of prostate cancer are affected by race, family history, microenvironment, and other factors. In recent decades, more and more studies have confirmed that prostate microflora in the tumor microenvironment may play an important role in the occurrence, development, and prognosis of prostate cancer. Microorganisms or their metabolites may affect the occurrence and metastasis of cancer cells or regulate anti-cancer immune surveillance. In addition, the use of tumor microenvironment bacteria in interventional targeting therapy of tumors also shows a unique advantage. In this review, we introduce the pathway of microbiota into prostate cancer, focusing on the mechanism of microorganisms in tumorigenesis and development, as well as the prospect and significance of microorganisms as tumor biomarkers and tumor prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bangwei Che
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shenghan Xu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jingju Yin
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kaifa Tang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Medical Science of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sheetz T, Clemens JQ, Crescenze I. Neuroanatomy of Bladder Pain. CURRENT BLADDER DYSFUNCTION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11884-021-00629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Chakrabarty B. The role of the bladder urothelium as a chemical-neural transducer via purinergic signalling in the rapid defence against bacterial infection. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:327-329. [PMID: 33959873 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Basu Chakrabarty
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|