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Guo Q, Yang A, Zhao R, Zhao H, Mu Y, Zhang J, Han Q, Su Y. Nimodipine ameliorates liver fibrosis via reshaping liver immune microenvironment in TAA-induced in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112586. [PMID: 38955030 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Nimodipine, a calcium antagonist, exert beneficial neurovascular protective effects in clinic. Recently, Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) was reported to protect against liver fibrosis in mice, while the exact effects of Nimodipine on liver injury and hepatic fibrosis remain unclear. In this study, we assessed the effect of nimodipine in Thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis mouse model. Then, the collagen deposition and liver inflammation were assessed by HE straining. Also, the frequency and phenotype of NK cells, CD4+T and CD8+T cells and MDSC in liver and spleen were analyzed using flow cytometry. Furthermore, activation and apoptosis of primary Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and HSC line LX2 were detected using α-SMA staining and TUNEL assay, respectively. We found that nimodipine administration significantly attenuated liver inflammation and fibrosis. And the increase of the numbers of hepatic NK and NKT cells, a reversed CD4+/CD8+T ratio, and reduced the numbers of MDSC were observed after nimodipine treatment. Furthermore, nimodipine administration significantly decreased α-SMA expression in liver tissues, and increased TUNEL staining adjacent to hepatic stellate cells. Nimodipine also reduced the proliferation of LX2, and significantly promoted high level of apoptosis in vitro. Moreover, nimodipine downregulated Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, simultaneously increased expression of JNK, p-JNK, and Caspase-3. Together, nimodipine mediated suppression of growth and fibrogenesis of HSCs may warrant its potential use in the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanjuan Guo
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ailu Yang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Rongrong Zhao
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Huajun Zhao
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yongliang Mu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuju Han
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Yuhang Su
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.
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Taru V, Szabo G, Mehal W, Reiberger T. Inflammasomes in chronic liver disease: hepatic injury, fibrosis progression and systemic inflammation. J Hepatol 2024:S0168-8278(24)02322-5. [PMID: 38908436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) leads to hepatocellular injury that triggers a pro-inflammatory state in several parenchymal and non-parenchymal hepatic cell types ultimately resulting in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, portal hypertension (PH) and liver failure. Thus, an improved understanding of the inflammasomes - as key molecular drivers of liver injury - supports the development of novel diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and effective therapeutics. In liver disease, innate immune cells respond to hepatic noxes by activating cell-intrinsic inflammasomes via toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α and IL-6). Subsequently, cells of the adaptive immune system are recruited to fuel hepatic inflammation, and liver parenchymal cells may undergo programmed cell-death mediated by gasdermin D, termed pyroptosis. With liver disease progression, there is a shift towards a type 2 inflammatory response, which promotes tissue repair but also fibrogenesis. Inflammasome activation may also occur at extrahepatic sites, such as the white adipose tissue in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). In end-stage liver disease, flares of inflammation (e.g., in severe alcohol-related hepatitis) that spark on a dysfunctional immune system, contribute to inflammasome-mediated liver injury and potentially result in organ dysfunctions/failures, as seen in acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). This review provides an overview on current concepts regarding inflammasome activation in liver disease progression and related biomarkers and therapeutic approaches that are being developed for patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Taru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Portal Hypertension and Liver Fibrosis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Hepatology Department, 3rd Medical Clinic, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wajahat Mehal
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; West Haven Veterans Medical Center, West Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Portal Hypertension and Liver Fibrosis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Kashyap MP, Mishra B, Sinha R, Jin L, Kumar N, Goliwas KF, Deshane J, Elewski BE, Elmets CA, Athar M, Shahid Mukhtar M, Raman C. NK and NKT cells in the pathogenesis of Hidradenitis suppurativa: Novel therapeutic strategy through targeting of CD2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.31.565057. [PMID: 37961206 PMCID: PMC10634971 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.31.565057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic debilitating inflammatory skin disease with poorly understood pathogenesis. Single-cell RNAseq analysis of HS lesional and healthy individual skins revealed that NKT and NK cell populations were greatly expanded in HS, and they expressed elevated CD2, an activation receptor. Immunohistochemistry analyses confirmed significantly expanded numbers of CD2+ cells distributed throughout HS lesional tissue, and many co-expressed the NK marker, CD56. While CD4+ T cells were expanded in HS, CD8 T cells were rare. CD20+ B cells in HS were localized within tertiary follicle like structures. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that NK cells (CD2 + CD56 dim ) expressing perforin, granzymes A and B were enriched within the hyperplastic follicular epidermis and tunnels of HS and juxtaposed with apoptotic cells. In contrast, NKT cells (CD2 + CD3 + CD56 bright ) primarily expressed granzyme A and were associated with α-SMA expressing fibroblasts within the fibrotic regions of the hypodermis. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts expressed high levels of CD58 (CD2 ligand) and they interacted with CD2 expressing NKT and NK cells. The NKT/NK maturation and activating cytokines, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18, were significantly elevated in HS. Inhibition of cognate CD2-CD58 interaction with blocking anti-CD2 mAb in HS skin organotypic cultures resulted in a profound reduction of the inflammatory gene signature and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the culture supernate. In summary, we show that a cellular network of heterogenous NKT and NK cell populations drives inflammation, tunnel formation and fibrosis in the pathogenesis of HS. Furthermore, CD2 blockade is a viable immunotherapeutic approach for the management of HS.
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Kumar V, Hertz M, Agro A, Byrne AJ. Type 1 invariant natural killer T cells in chronic inflammation and tissue fibrosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260503. [PMID: 37818376 PMCID: PMC10561218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic tissue inflammation often results in fibrosis characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix components remodeling normal tissue architecture and function. Recent studies have suggested common immune mechanisms despite the complexity of the interactions between tissue-specific fibroblasts, macrophages, and distinct immune cell populations that mediate fibrosis in various tissues. Natural killer T (NKT) cells recognizing lipid antigens bound to CD1d molecules have been shown to play an important role in chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Here we review recent data in both experimental models and in humans that suggest a key role of type 1 invariant NKT (iNKT) cell activation in the progression of inflammatory cascades leading to recruitment of neutrophils and activation of the inflammasome, macrophages, fibroblasts, and, ultimately, fibrosis. Emerging evidence suggests that iNKT-associated mechanisms contribute to type 1, type 2 and type 3 immune pathways mediating tissue fibrosis, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Thus, targeting a pathway upstream of these immune mechanisms, such as the inhibition of iNKT activation, may be important in modulating various fibrotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- GRI Bio, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Adam J. Byrne
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Chen X, Gong L, Li C, Wang S, Wang Z, Chu M, Zhou Y. Single-cell and bulk tissue sequencing unravels the heterogeneity of synovial microenvironment in arthrofibrosis. iScience 2023; 26:107379. [PMID: 37705954 PMCID: PMC10495645 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthrofibrosis (AF) is a debilitating complication that occurs after trauma or surgery, leading to functional impairment and surgical failures worldwide. This study aimed to uncover the underlying mechanism of AF. A total of 141 patients were enrolled, and synovial samples were collected from both patients and animal models at different time points. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk tissue RNA sequencing (bulk-seq) were employed to profile the distinct synovial microenvironment. This study revealed changes in cell proportions during AF pathogenesis and identified Engrailed-1 (EN1) as a key transcription factor strongly associated with disease severity and clinical prognosis. Additionally, the researchers discovered a specific type of synovial fibroblast called DKK3-SLF, which played a critical role in driving AF development. These findings shed light on the composition and heterogeneity of the synovial microenvironment in AF, offering potential avenues for identifying therapeutic targets and developing clinical treatments for AF and other fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Adult Joint Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 31 East Xinjiekou Street, Beijing 100035, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Gong
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Adult Joint Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 31 East Xinjiekou Street, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Adult Joint Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 31 East Xinjiekou Street, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- Department of Adult Joint Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 31 East Xinjiekou Street, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Zhou
- Department of Adult Joint Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 31 East Xinjiekou Street, Beijing 100035, China
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Wu YC, Kissner M, Momen-Heravi F. A comprehensive multiparameter flow cytometry panel for immune profiling and functional studies of frozen tissue, bone marrow, and spleen. J Immunol Methods 2023; 515:113444. [PMID: 36868498 PMCID: PMC10508641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FC) is a highly informative technology that can provide valuable information about immune phenotype monitoring and immune cell states. However, there is a paucity of comprehensive panels developed and validated for use on frozen samples. Here, we developed a 17-plex flow cytometry panel to detect subtypes, frequencies, and functions of different immune cells that can be leveraged to study the different cellular characteristics in different disease models, physiological, and pathological conditions. This panel identifies surface markers to characterize T cells (CD8+, CD4+), natural killer (NK) cells and their subtypes (immature, cytotoxic, exhausted, activated),natural killer T (NKT) cells, neutrophils, macrophages (M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory)), monocytes and their subtypes (classical and non-classical), dendritic cells (DC) and their subtypes (DC1, DC2), and eosinophils. The panel was designed to include only surface markers to avoid the necessity for fixation and permeabilization steps. This panel was optimized using cryopreserved cells. Immunophenotyping of spleen and bone marrow using the proposed panel was efficient in correctly differentiating the immune cell subtypes in inflammatory model of ligature-induced periodontitis, in which we found increased percentage of NKT cells, activated and mature/cytotoxic NK cells in the bone marrow of affected mice. This panel enables in-depth immunophenotyping of murine immune cells in bone marrow, spleen, tumors, and other non-immune tissues of mice. It could be a tool for systematic analysis of immune cell profiling in inflammatory conditions, systemic diseases, and tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chu Wu
- Section of Oral, Diagnostic and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, NY, New York, USA; Cancer Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, New York, USA
| | - Michael Kissner
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative Flow Cytometry Core, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, New York, USA
| | - Fatemeh Momen-Heravi
- Section of Oral, Diagnostic and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, NY, New York, USA; Cancer Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, New York, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, New York, USA.
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Abstract
AIM Fibrosis is a common pathological feature of most types of chronic liver injuries. There is no specific treatment for liver fibrosis at present. The liver microenvironment, which fosters the survival and activity of liver cells, plays an important role in maintaining the normal structure and physiological function of the liver. The aim of this review is to deeply understand the role of the liver microenvironment in the dynamic and complicated development of liver fibrosis. METHODS After searching in Elsevier ScienceDirect, PubMed and Web of Science databases using 'liver fibrosis' and 'microenvironment' as keywords, studies related to microenvironment in liver fibrosis was compiled and examined. RESULTS The homeostasis of the liver microenvironment is disrupted during the development of liver fibrosis, affecting liver cell function, causing various types of cell reactions, and changing the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, eventually affecting fibrosis formation. CONCLUSION Liver microenvironment may be important for identifying potential therapeutic targets, and restoring microenvironment homeostasis may be an important strategy for promoting the reversal of liver fibrosis.KEY MESSAGESThe homeostasis of the liver microenvironment is disrupted in liver fibrosis;A pro-fibrotic microenvironment is formed during the development of liver fibrosis;Restoring microenvironment homeostasis may be an important strategy for promoting the reversal of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Meng
- Department of General Medicine, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University First Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhengyi Zhang
- Department of General Medicine, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dekui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Savchenko AA, Borisov AG, Kudryavtsev IV, Belenjuk VD. DISSEMINATED PURULENT PERITONITIS OUTCOME AFFECTS NKT CELL PHENOTYPE. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2022. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-dpp-2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate the main characteristics of peripheral blood NKT cell phenotype in patients with disseminated purulent peritonitis (DPP) in dynamics of postoperative period, depending on the disease outcome. Fifty-two patients with acute surgical diseases and injuries of the abdominal organs complicated by DPP, and 68 healthy individuals in control group, were examined. Blood sampling was performed before surgery (preoperative period), as well as on the day 7, 14 and 21 of postoperative period. All patients with DPP were divided into two groups depending on disease outcome in postoperative period: patients with favorable disease outcome (n = 34); and patients with unfavorable outcome (n = 18). Study of the phenotype of blood NKT lymphocytes was performed by flow cytometry using direct immunofluorescence of whole peripheral blood samples with monoclonal antibodies. The low relative and absolute level of NKT cells was observed in DPP patients regardless of outcome disease in preoperative period. At the same time, the absolute level of NKT cells returned to normal only in patients with favorable DPP outcome and only by day 21 after surgery. Patients with favorable DPP outcome by the end of examination period had normalized quantity of mature NKT-lymphocytes and significantly decreased level of cytotoxic cells which was apparently associated with migration of such cell subsets to site of inflammation. A reduced level of non-classical (expressing CD8 marker) mature and cytokine-producing NKT cells was detected only in patients with favorable DPP outcome in preoperative period which returned to normal by the end of postoperative period. At the same time, patients with unfavorable disease outcome had reduced quantity of NKT cells of these subsets by day 21 of postoperative treatment. Patients with favorable outcome had high level of mature and cytotoxic CD11b+ NKT cells already in the preoperative period, while patients with unfavorable DPP outcome had increased level of cytotoxic CD11b+ NKT cells only by day 21 after surgery. The proportion of NKT cells expressing activation markers (CD28 and CD57) was reduced in patients in preoperative period that returned to normal immediately after surgery with favorable outcome, while it recovered with unfavorable outcome closer to the end of postoperative examination. The defined features of NKT cell phenotype in patients with unfavorable DPP outcome characterize disturbances in subset ratio and mechanisms of functioning of this cell fraction. This determines a need to develop immunotherapeutic methods aimed at stimulating immunoregulatory activity of NKT cells.
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Yu S, Wang J, Zheng H, Wang R, Johnson N, Li T, Li P, Lin J, Li Y, Yan J, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Ding X. Pathogenesis from Inflammation to Cancer in NASH-Derived HCC. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2022; 9:855-867. [PMID: 36051860 PMCID: PMC9426868 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s377768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. As opposed to the majority of patients with HCC, approximately 20–30% of cases of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-derived HCC develop malignant tumours in the absence of liver cirrhosis. NASH is characterized by metabolic dysregulation, chronic inflammation and cell death in the liver, which provide a favorable setting for the transformation of inflammation into cancer. This review aims to describe the pathogenesis and the underlying mechanism of the transition from inflammation to cancer in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simiao Yu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Haocheng Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Department of Hepatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Nadia Johnson
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lin
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Ding
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.,Centre of Research for Traditional Chinese Medicine Digestive, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
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10
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Guan H, Zhang X, Kuang M, Yu J. The gut-liver axis in immune remodeling of hepatic cirrhosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:946628. [PMID: 37408838 PMCID: PMC10319400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.946628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In healthy settings, the gut-liver axis allows host-microbiota communications and mediates immune homeostasis through bidirectional regulation. Meanwhile, in diseases, gut dysbiosis, combined with an impaired intestinal barrier, introduces pathogens and their toxic metabolites into the system, causing massive immune alternations in the liver and other extrahepatic organs. Accumulating evidence suggests that these immune changes are associated with the progression of many liver diseases, especially hepatic cirrhosis. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns that originated from gut microbes directly stimulate hepatocytes and liver immune cells through different pattern recognition receptors, a process further facilitated by damage-associated molecular patterns released from injured hepatocytes. Hepatic stellate cells, along with other immune cells, contribute to this proinflammatory and profibrogenic transformation. Moreover, cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction, an imbalanced immune status characterized by systemic inflammation and immune deficiency, is linked to gut dysbiosis. Though the systemic inflammation hypothesis starts to link gut dysbiosis to decompensated cirrhosis from a clinical perspective, a clearer demonstration is still needed for the role of the gut-liver-immune axis in cirrhosis progression. This review discusses the different immune states of the gut-liver axis in both healthy and cirrhotic settings and, more importantly, summarizes the current evidence about how microbiota-derived immune remodeling contributes to the progression of hepatic cirrhosis via the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Guan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Liver Surgery, Center of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ming Kuang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Center of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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11
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Gan C, Cai Q, Tang C, Gao J. Inflammasomes and Pyroptosis of Liver Cells in Liver Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:896473. [PMID: 35707547 PMCID: PMC9189314 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.896473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that can sense danger signals and activate caspase-1 to mediate pro-inflammatory cytokines release and pyroptotic cell death. There are two main canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways that trigger inflammasome activation. Inflammasomes are expressed and assembled in parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells in response to liver injury in the liver. Additionally, the hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), hepatic macrophages, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) contribute to liver fibrosis via different mechanisms. However, the underlying mechanism of the inflammasome and pyroptosis in these liver cells in liver fibrosis remains elusive. This review summarizes the activation and function of inflammasome complexes and then discusses the association between inflammasomes, pyroptosis, and liver fibrosis. Unlike other similar reviewers, we will focus on the effect of inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in the various liver cells during the development of liver fibrosis. We will also highlight the latest progress of pharmacological intervention in inflammasome-mediated liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Gan
- Lab of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuyu Cai
- Lab of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengwei Tang
- Lab of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhang Gao, ; ; Chengwei Tang,
| | - Jinhang Gao
- Lab of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhang Gao, ; ; Chengwei Tang,
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12
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Chen L, Kong D, Xia S, Wang F, Li Z, Zhang F, Zheng S. Crosstalk Between Autophagy and Innate Immunity: A Pivotal Role in Hepatic Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:891069. [PMID: 35656309 PMCID: PMC9152088 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.891069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a repair process of chronic liver injuries induced by toxic substances, pathogens, and inflammation, which exhibits a feature such as deposition of the extracellular matrix. The initiation and progression of liver fibrosis heavily relies on excessive activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The activated HSCs express different kinds of chemokine receptors to further promote matrix remodulation. The long-term progression of liver fibrosis will contribute to dysfunction of the liver and ultimately cause hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver also has abundant innate immune cells, including DCs, NK cells, NKT cells, neutrophils, and Kupffer cells, which conduct complicated functions to activation and expansion of HSCs and liver fibrosis. Autophagy is one specific type of cell death, by which the aberrantly expressed protein and damaged organelles are transferred to lysosomes for further degradation, playing a crucial role in cellular homeostasis. Autophagy is also important to innate immune cells in various aspects. The previous studies have shown that dysfunction of autophagy in hepatic immune cells can result in the initiation and progression of inflammation in the liver, directly or indirectly causing activation of HSCs, which ultimately accelerate liver fibrosis. Given the crosstalk between innate immune cells, autophagy, and fibrosis progression is complicated, and the therapeutic options for liver fibrosis are quite limited, the exploration is essential. Herein, we review the previous studies about the influence of autophagy and innate immunity on liver fibrosis and the molecular mechanism to provide novel insight into the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Desong Kong
- Chinese Medicine Modernization and Big Data Research Center, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Siwei Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feixia Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanghao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Bergantini L, d'Alessandro M, Cameli P, Otranto A, Finco T, Curatola G, Sestini P, Bargagli E. Prognostic role of NK cell percentages in bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with different fibrotic interstitial lung diseases. Clin Immunol 2021; 230:108827. [PMID: 34428741 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BAL cellularity and lymphocyte immunophenotyping offer insights into lung inflammatory status. Natural killer (NK) cells are efficient effector cells, producing pro-inflammatory cytokines. A better understanding of the biology of NK cells in BAL in the lungs is necessary to improve the pathogenesis of fibrotic ILD and develop prospective targeted treatments. Our aim was to analyse NK and NKT-like cell percentages in BAL from 159 patients with different ILD: f-HP, f-NSIP, IPF and CTD-ILD, to evaluate their potential diagnostic/prognostic role. BAL NK cell percentages showed significantly higher values in IPF than in f-HP and f-NSIP, while BAL NKT-like cells showed significantly lower values in the f-NSIP than the f-HP and IPF. A cut-off of 4%NK cells in BAL of IPF showed a significant difference in survival rate. It suggests a possible new marker of survival and raises the possibility of new targeted approach in treatment and management of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bergantini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, Respiratory Disease and Lung Transplant Unit, Siena University, Siena, Italy.
| | - Miriana d'Alessandro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, Respiratory Disease and Lung Transplant Unit, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Cameli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, Respiratory Disease and Lung Transplant Unit, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Ambra Otranto
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, Respiratory Disease and Lung Transplant Unit, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Finco
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, Respiratory Disease and Lung Transplant Unit, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curatola
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, Respiratory Disease and Lung Transplant Unit, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Piersante Sestini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, Respiratory Disease and Lung Transplant Unit, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Bargagli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, Respiratory Disease and Lung Transplant Unit, Siena University, Siena, Italy
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