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Zhu M, Zang Y, Zhang X, Shang S, Xue S, Chen J, Tang X. Insights into the regulation of energy metabolism during the seed-to-seedling transition in marine angiosperm Zostera marina L.: Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1130292. [PMID: 36968358 PMCID: PMC10036900 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1130292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Seed development is a crucial phase in the life cycle of seed-propagated plants. As the only group of angiosperms that evolved from terrestrial plants to complete their life cycle submerged in marine environments, the mechanisms underlying seed development in seagrasses are still largely unknown. In the present study, we attempted to combine transcriptomic, metabolomic, and physiological data to comprehensively analyze the molecular mechanism that regulates energy metabolism in Zostera marina seeds at the four major developmental stages. Our results demonstrated that seed metabolism was reprogrammed with significant alteration of starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), and the pentose phosphate pathway during the transition from seed formation to seedling establishment. The interconversion of starch and sugar provided energy storage substances in mature seeds and further acted as energy sources to support seed germination and seedling growth. The glycolysis pathway was active during Z. marina germination and seedling establishment, which provided pyruvate for TCA cycle by decomposing soluble sugar. Notably, the biological processes of glycolysis were severely inhibited during Z. marina seed maturation may have a positive effect on seed germination, maintaining a low level of metabolic activity during seed maturation to preserve seed viability. Increased acetyl-CoA and ATP contents were accompanied with the higher TCA cycle activity during seed germination and seedling establishment, indicating that the accumulations of precursor and intermediates metabolite that can strengthen the TCA cycle and facilitate energy supply for Z. marina seed germination and seedling growth. The large amount of oxidatively generated sugar phosphate promotes fructose 1,6-bisphosphate synthesis to feed back to glycolysis during seed germination, indicating that the pentose phosphate pathway not only provides energy for germination, but also complements the glycolytic pathway. Collectively, our findings suggest these energy metabolism pathways cooperate with each other in the process of seed transformation from maturity to seedling establishment, transforming seed from storage tissue to highly active metabolic tissue to meet the energy requirement seed development. These findings provide insights into the roles of the energy metabolism pathway in the complete developmental process of Z. marina seeds from different perspectives, which could facilitate habitat restoration of Z. marina meadows via seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zhu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Zang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Shang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Song Xue
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Growth Cessation and Dormancy Induction in Micropropagated Plantlets of Rheum rhaponticum 'Raspberry' Influenced by Photoperiod and Temperature. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010607. [PMID: 36614049 PMCID: PMC9820587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dormancy development in micropropagated plantlets at the acclimatization stage and early growth ex vitro is undesirable as it lowers their survival rate and restricts the efficient year-round production of planting material. Thus far, little is known about the factors and mechanisms involved in the dormancy development of micropropagated herbaceous perennials, including rhubarb. This study determined physiological and molecular changes in the Rheum rhaponticum (culinary rhubarb) 'Raspberry' planting material in response to photoperiod and temperature. We found that the rhubarb plantlets that were grown under a 16-h photoperiod (LD) and a temperature within the normal growth range (17-23 °C) showed active growth of leaves and rhizomes and did not develop dormancy. Rapid growth cessation and dormancy development were observed in response to a 10-h photoperiod (SD) or elevated temperature under LD. These morphological changes were accompanied by enhanced abscisic acid (ABA) and starch levels and also the upregulation of various genes involved in carbohydrate synthesis and transport (SUS3, AMY3, BMY3, BGLU17) and ABA synthesis and signaling (ZEP and ABF2). We also found enhanced expression levels of heat shock transcription factors (HSFA2 and HSFA6B), heat shock proteins (HSP22, HSP70.1, HSP90.2 and HSP101) and antioxidant enzymes (PRX12, APX2 and GPX). This may suggest that dormancy induction in micropropagated rhubarb plantlets is a stress response to light deficiency and high temperatures and is endogenously coordinated by the ABA, carbohydrate and ROS pathways.
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Chen H, Chiu TY, Sahu SK, Sun H, Wen J, Sun J, Li Q, Tang Y, Jin H, Liu H. Transcriptomic analyses provide new insights into green and purple color pigmentation in Rheum tanguticum medicinal plants. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14265. [PMID: 36530396 PMCID: PMC9756867 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant that is commonly used to treat many ailments. It belongs to the Polygonacae family and grows in northwest and southwest China. At high elevations, the color of the plant's young leaves is purple, which gradually changes to green during the growth cycle. Anthraquinone, which is known for various biological activities, is the main bioactive compound in R. tanguticum. Although a significant amount of research has been done on R. tanguticum in the past, the lack of transcriptome data limits our knowledge of the gene regulatory networks involved in pigmentation and in the metabolism of bioactive compounds in Rheum species. Methods To fill this knowledge gap, we generated high-quality RNA-seq data and performed multi-tissue transcriptomic analyses of R. tanguticum. Results We found that three chlorophyll degradation enzymes (RtPPH, RtPao and RtRCCR) were highly expressed in purple samples, which suggests that the purple pigmentation is mainly due to the effects of chlorophyll degradation. Overall, these data may aid in drafting the transcriptional network in the regulation and biosynthesis of medicinally active compounds in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Chen
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tsan-Yu Chiu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sunil Kumar Sahu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Shenzhen, China,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haixi Sun
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiawen Wen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianbo Sun
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiyuan Li
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yangfan Tang
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hong Jin
- Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Shenzhen, China,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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Hu Y, Zhang H, Sun J, Li W, Li Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis of different tissues of Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf. (Polygonaceae) reveals putative genes involved in anthraquinone biosynthesis. Genet Mol Biol 2022; 45:e20210407. [PMID: 36150022 PMCID: PMC9505757 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheum tanguticum is a perennial herb and an important medicinal
plant, with anthraquinones as its main bioactive compounds. However, the
specific pathway of anthraquinone biosynthesis in rhubarb is still unclear. The
accumulation of anthraquinones in different tissues (root, leaf, stem and seed)
of R. tanguticum revealed considerable variation, suggesting
possible differences in metabolite biosynthetic pathways and accumulation among
various tissues. To better illustrate the biosynthetic pathway of
anthraquinones, we assembled transcriptome sequences from the root, leaf, stem
and seed tissues yielding 157,564 transcripts and 88,142 unigenes. Putative
functions could be assigned to 56,911 unigenes (64.57%) based on BLAST searches
against annotation databases, including GO, KEGG, Swiss-Prot, NR, and Pfam. In
addition, putative genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of anthraquinone
were identified. The expression profiles of nine unigenes involved in
anthraquinone biosynthesis were verified in different tissues of R.
tanguticum by qRT-PCR. Various transcription factors, including
bHLH, MYB_related, and C2H2, were identified by searching unigenes against
plantTFDB. This is the first transcriptome analysis of different tissues of
R. tanguticum and can be utilized to describe the genes
involved in the biosynthetic pathway of anthraquiones, understanding the
molecular mechanism of active compounds in R. tanguticum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Hu
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Huixuan Zhang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Xining, China.,Scientific Research and Popularization Base of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biology, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
| | - Yi Li
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
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DeepPlnc: Bi-modal deep learning for highly accurate plant lncRNA discovery. Genomics 2022; 114:110443. [PMID: 35931273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We present here a bi-modal CNN based deep-learning system, DeepPlnc, to identify plant lncRNAs with high accuracy while using sequence and structural properties. Unlike most of the existing software, it works accurately even in conditions with ambiguity of boundaries and incomplete sequences. It scored consistently high for performance metrics while breaching accuracy of >98% when tested across a large number of validated instances. During multiple benchmarkings it consistently outperformed all the compared tools and maintained a highly significant lead in the range of 2.5%- 4.6% from the second best performing tool (p-value << 0.01). DeepPlnc was used to annotate a de novo assembled transcriptome of a himalayan species where again it suggested its much better suitability for genome and transcriptome annotation purposes than the existing tools. DeepPlnc has been made freely available as a web-server and stand-alone program at https://scbb.ihbt.res.in/DeepPlnc/.
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Regulation of the Bud Dormancy Development and Release in Micropropagated Rhubarb 'Malinowy'. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031480. [PMID: 35163404 PMCID: PMC8835828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Culinary rhubarb is a vegetable crop, valued for its stalks, very rich in different natural bioactive ingredients. In commercial rhubarb stalk production, the bud dormancy development and release are crucial processes that determine the yields and quality of stalks. To date, reports on rhubarb bud dormancy regulation, however, are lacking. It is known that dormancy status depends on cultivars. The study aimed to determine the dormancy regulation in a valuable selection of rhubarb ‘Malinowy’. Changes in carbohydrate, total phenolic, endogenous hormone levels, and gene expression levels during dormancy development and release were studied in micropropagated rhubarb plantlets. Dormancy developed at high temperature (25.5 °C), and long day. Leaf senescence and dying were consistent with a significant increase in starch, total phenolics, ABA, IAA and SA levels. Five weeks of cooling at 4 °C were sufficient to break dormancy, but rhizomes stored for a longer duration showed faster and more uniformity leaf growing, and higher stalk length. No growth response was observed for non-cooled rhizomes. The low temperature activated carbohydrate and hormone metabolism and signalling in the buds. The increased expression of AMY3, BMY3, SUS3, BGLU17, GAMYB genes were consistent with a decrease in starch and increase in soluble sugars levels during dormancy release. Moreover, some genes (ZEP, ABF2, GASA4, GA2OX8) related to ABA and GA metabolism and signal transduction were activated. The relationship between auxin (IAA, IBA, 5-Cl-IAA), and phenolic, including SA levels and dormancy status was also observed.
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Reprogramming plant specialized metabolism by manipulating protein kinases. ABIOTECH 2021; 2:226-239. [PMID: 34377580 PMCID: PMC8209778 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Being sessile, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to balance between growth and defense to survive in the harsh environment. The transition from growth to defense is commonly achieved by factors, such as protein kinases (PKs) and transcription factors, that initiate signal transduction and regulate specialized metabolism. Plants produce an array of lineage-specific specialized metabolites for chemical defense and stress tolerance. Some of these molecules are also used by humans as drugs. However, many of these defense-responsive metabolites are toxic to plant cells and inhibitory to growth and development. Plants have, thus, evolved complex regulatory networks to balance the accumulation of the toxic metabolites. Perception of external stimuli is a vital part of the regulatory network. Protein kinase-mediated signaling activates a series of defense responses by phosphorylating the target proteins and translating the stimulus into downstream cellular signaling. As biosynthesis of specialized metabolites is triggered when plants perceive stimuli, a possible connection between PKs and specialized metabolism is well recognized. However, the roles of PKs in plant specialized metabolism have not received much attention until recently. Here, we summarize the recent advances in understanding PKs in plant specialized metabolism. We aim to highlight how the stimulatory signals are transduced, leading to the biosynthesis of corresponding metabolites. We discuss the post-translational regulation of specialized metabolism and provide insights into the mechanisms by which plants respond to the external signals. In addition, we propose possible strategies to increase the production of plant specialized metabolites in biotechnological applications using PKs.
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