1
|
Poudrel AS, Gattin M, Rosi G, Rébillat M, Peixinho J, Bochud N, Margerit P. Identification of viscoelastic material properties by ultrasonic angular measurements in double through-transmission. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 156:463-474. [PMID: 39013040 DOI: 10.1121/10.0026518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in additive manufacturing (AM) of viscoelastic materials have paved the way toward the design of increasingly complex structures. In particular, emerging biomedical applications in acoustics involve structures with periodic micro-architectures, which require a precise knowledge of longitudinal and transverse bulk properties of the constituent materials. However, the identification of the transverse properties of highly soft and attenuating materials remains particularly challenging. Thereby, the present work provides a methodological framework to identify the frequency-dependent ultrasound characteristics (i.e., phase velocity and attenuation) of viscoelastic materials. The proposed approach relies on an inverse procedure based on angular measurements achieved in double through-transmission, referred as θ-scan. Toward this goal, a forward modeling of the double transmitted waves through a homogeneous solid is proposed for any incidence angle based on the global matrix formalism. The experimental validation is conducted by performing ultrasound measurements on two types of photopolymers that are commonly employed for AM purposes: a soft elastomer (ElasticoTM Black) and a glassy polymer (VeroUltraTM White). As a result, the inferred dispersive ultrasound characteristics are of interest for the computational calibration and validation of models involving complex multi-material structures in the MHz regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Poudrel
- Laboratoire Procédés et Ingénierie en Mécanique et Matériaux, PIMM, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, UMR 8006, CNRS, CNAM, HESAM université, 151 boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Max Gattin
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, UMR 8208, MSME, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Giuseppe Rosi
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, UMR 8208, MSME, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Marc Rébillat
- Laboratoire Procédés et Ingénierie en Mécanique et Matériaux, PIMM, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, UMR 8006, CNRS, CNAM, HESAM université, 151 boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jorge Peixinho
- Laboratoire Procédés et Ingénierie en Mécanique et Matériaux, PIMM, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, UMR 8006, CNRS, CNAM, HESAM université, 151 boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Bochud
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, UMR 8208, MSME, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Pierre Margerit
- Laboratoire Procédés et Ingénierie en Mécanique et Matériaux, PIMM, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, UMR 8006, CNRS, CNAM, HESAM université, 151 boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lublin D, Hao T, Malyala R, Kisailus D. Multiscale mechanical characterization of biobased photopolymers towards sustainable vat polymerization 3D printing. RSC Adv 2024; 14:10422-10430. [PMID: 38567338 PMCID: PMC10985463 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00574k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In vat polymerization (VP) 3D printing, there is an urgent need to expand characterization efforts for resins derived from natural resources to counter the increasing consumption of fossil fuels required to synthesize conventional monomers. Here, we apply multiscale mechanical characterization techniques to interrogate a 3D printed biobased copolymer along a controlled range of monomer ratios. We varied the concentration of two dissimilar monomers to derive structural information about the polymer networks. Current research primarily considers the macroscale, but recent understanding of the process-induced anisotropy in 3D printed layers suggests a multiscale approach is critical. By combining typical macroscopic techniques with micro- and nanoscale analogues, clear correlations in the processing-structure-property relationships appeared. We observed that measured moduli were always greater via surface-localized methods, but property differences between formulations were easier to identify. As researchers continue to develop novel sustainable biopolymers that match or exceed the performance of commercial resins, it is vital to understand the multiscale relationships between the VP process, the structure of the formed polymer networks, and the resultant properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Lublin
- Materials and Manufacturing Technology Program, School of Engineering, University of California at Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
- Glidewell Dental Irvine CA 92612 USA
| | - Taige Hao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | | | - David Kisailus
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Serantoni V, Rouby C, Heller U, Boisson J. Approximation of extracted features enabling 3D design tuning for reproducing the mechanical behaviour of biological soft tissues. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2730-2738. [PMID: 38426860 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01159c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This article describes a new method, inspired by machine learning, to mimic the mechanical behaviour of target biological soft tissues with 3D printed materials. The principle is to optimise the structure of a 3D printed composite consisting of a geometrically tunable fibre embedded in a soft matrix. Physiological features are extracted from experimental stress-strain curves of several biological soft tissues. Then, using a cubic Bézier curve as the composite inner fibre, we optimised its geometric parameters, amplitude and height, to generate a specimen that exhibits a stress-strain curve in accordance with the extracted features of tensile tests. From this first phase, we created a database of specimen geometries that can be used to reproduce a wide variety of biological soft tissues. We applied this process to two soft tissues with very different behaviours: the mandibular periosteum and the calvarial periosteum. The results show that our method can successfully reproduce the mechanical behaviour of these tissues. This highlights the versatility of this approach and demonstrates that it can be extended to mimic various biological soft tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Serantoni
- UME, LMI, ENSTA-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, Palaiseau, 91120, France.
| | - Corinne Rouby
- UME, LMI, ENSTA-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, Palaiseau, 91120, France.
| | - Ugo Heller
- APHP, Necker Enfant Malades, Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean Boisson
- UME, LMI, ENSTA-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 boulevard des Maréchaux, Palaiseau, 91120, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kornfellner E, Königshofer M, Krainz L, Krause A, Unger E, Moscato F. Measured and simulated mechanical properties of additively manufactured matrix-inclusion multimaterials fabricated by material jetting. 3D Print Med 2024; 10:4. [PMID: 38305928 PMCID: PMC10835942 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-023-00201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Modern additive manufacturing enables the simultaneous processing of different materials during the printing process. While multimaterial 3D printing allows greater freedom in part design, the prediction of the mix-material properties becomes challenging. One type of multimaterials are matrix-inclusion composites, where one material contains inclusions of another material. Aim of this study was to develop a method to predict the uniaxial Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of material jetted matrix-inclusion composites by a combination of simulations and experimental data.Fifty samples from commercially available materials in their pure and matrix-inclusion mixed forms, with cubic inclusions, have been fabricated using material jetting and mechanically characterized by uniaxial tensile tests. Multiple simulation approaches have been assessed and compared to the measurement results in order to find and validate a method to predict the multimaterials' properties. Optical coherence tomography and microscopy was used to characterize the size and structure of the multimaterials, compared to the design.The materials exhibited Young's moduli in the range of 1.4 GPa to 2.5 GPa. The multimaterial mixtures were never as stiff as the weighted volume average of the primary materials (up to [Formula: see text] softer for 45% RGD8530-DM inclusions in VeroClear matrix). Experimental data could be predicted by finite element simulations by considering a non-ideal contact stiffness between matrix and inclusion ([Formula: see text] for RGD8530-DM, [Formula: see text] for RGD8430-DM), and geometries of the printed inclusions that deviated from the design (rounded edge radii of [Formula: see text]m). Not considering this would lead to a difference of the estimation result of up to [Formula: see text]MPa (44%), simulating an inclusion volume fraction of 45% RGD8530-DM.Prediction of matrix-inclusion composites fabricated by multimaterial jetting printing, is possible, however, requires a priori knowledge or additional measurements to characterize non-ideal contact stiffness between the components and effective printed geometries, precluding therefore a simple multimaterial modelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Kornfellner
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Markus Königshofer
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Krainz
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arno Krause
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ewald Unger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francesco Moscato
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saldívar MC, Tay E, Isaakidou A, Moosabeiki V, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Doubrovski EL, Mirzaali MJ, Zadpoor AA. Bioinspired rational design of bi-material 3D printed soft-hard interfaces. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7919. [PMID: 38086804 PMCID: PMC10716482 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Durable interfacing of hard and soft materials is a major design challenge caused by the ensuing stress concentrations. In nature, soft-hard interfaces exhibit remarkable mechanical performance, with failures rarely happening at the interface. Here, we mimic the strategies observed in nature to design efficient soft-hard interfaces. We base our geometrical designs on triply periodic minimal surfaces (i.e., Octo, Diamond, and Gyroid), collagen-like triple helices, and randomly distributed particles. A combination of computational simulations and experimental techniques, including uniaxial tensile and quad-lap shear tests, are used to characterize the mechanical performance of the interfaces. Our analyses suggest that smooth interdigitated connections, compliant gradient transitions, and either decreasing or constraining strain concentrations lead to simultaneously strong and tough interfaces. We generate additional interfaces where the abovementioned toughening mechanisms work synergistically to create soft-hard interfaces with strengths approaching the upper achievable limit and enhancing toughness values by 50%, as compared to the control group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Saldívar
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - E Tay
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - A Isaakidou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - V Moosabeiki
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - L E Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - E L Doubrovski
- Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering (IDE), Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Landbergstraat, 15, 2628 CE, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M J Mirzaali
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - A A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Buchner TJK, Rogler S, Weirich S, Armati Y, Cangan BG, Ramos J, Twiddy ST, Marini DM, Weber A, Chen D, Ellson G, Jacob J, Zengerle W, Katalichenko D, Keny C, Matusik W, Katzschmann RK. Vision-controlled jetting for composite systems and robots. Nature 2023; 623:522-530. [PMID: 37968527 PMCID: PMC10651485 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Recreating complex structures and functions of natural organisms in a synthetic form is a long-standing goal for humanity1. The aim is to create actuated systems with high spatial resolutions and complex material arrangements that range from elastic to rigid. Traditional manufacturing processes struggle to fabricate such complex systems2. It remains an open challenge to fabricate functional systems automatically and quickly with a wide range of elastic properties, resolutions, and integrated actuation and sensing channels2,3. We propose an inkjet deposition process called vision-controlled jetting that can create complex systems and robots. Hereby, a scanning system captures the three-dimensional print geometry and enables a digital feedback loop, which eliminates the need for mechanical planarizers. This contactless process allows us to use continuously curing chemistries and, therefore, print a broader range of material families and elastic moduli. The advances in material properties are characterized by standardized tests comparing our printed materials to the state-of-the-art. We directly fabricated a wide range of complex high-resolution composite systems and robots: tendon-driven hands, pneumatically actuated walking manipulators, pumps that mimic a heart and metamaterial structures. Our approach provides an automated, scalable, high-throughput process to manufacture high-resolution, functional multimaterial systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Rogler
- Soft Robotics Lab, D-MAVT, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Weirich
- Soft Robotics Lab, D-MAVT, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Armati
- Soft Robotics Lab, D-MAVT, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rylski AK, Maraliga T, Wu Y, Recker EA, Arrowood AJ, Sanoja GE, Page ZA. Digital Light Processing 3D Printing of Soft Semicrystalline Acrylates with Localized Shape Memory and Stiffness Control. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37418641 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Multimaterial three-dimensional (3D) printing of objects with spatially tunable thermomechanical properties and shape-memory behavior provides an attractive approach toward programmable "smart" plastics with applications in soft robotics and electronics. To date, digital light processing 3D printing has emerged as one of the fastest manufacturing methods that maintains high precision and resolution. Despite the common utility of semicrystalline polymers in stimuli-responsive materials, few reports exist whereby such polymers have been produced via digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. Herein, two commodity long-alkyl chain acrylates (C18, stearyl and C12, lauryl) and mixtures therefrom are systematically examined as neat resin components for DLP 3D printing of semicrystalline polymer networks. Tailoring the stearyl/lauryl acrylate ratio results in a wide breadth of thermomechanical properties, including tensile stiffness spanning three orders of magnitude and temperatures from below room temperature (2 °C) to above body temperature (50 °C). This breadth is attributed primarily to changes in the degree of crystallinity. Favorably, the relationship between resin composition and the degree of crystallinity is quadratic, making the thermomechanical properties reproducible and easily programmable. Furthermore, the shape-memory behavior of 3D-printed objects upon thermal cycling is characterized, showing good fatigue resistance and work output. Finally, multimaterial 3D-printed structures with vertical gradation in composition are demonstrated where concomitant localization of thermomechanical properties enables multistage shape-memory and strain-selective behavior. The present platform represents a promising route toward customizable actuators for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian K Rylski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tejas Maraliga
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yudian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Recker
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Anthony J Arrowood
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Gabriel E Sanoja
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gattin M, Bochud N, Rosi G, Grossman Q, Ruffoni D, Naili S. Ultrasonic bandgaps in viscoelastic 1D-periodic media: Mechanical modeling and experimental validation. ULTRASONICS 2023; 131:106951. [PMID: 36796203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.106951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multi-material additive manufacturing is receiving increasing attention in the field of acoustics, in particular towards the design of micro-architectured periodic media used to achieve programmable ultrasonic responses. To unravel the effect of the material properties and spatial arrangement of the printed constituents, there is an unmet need in developing wave propagation models for prediction and optimization purposes. In this study, we propose to investigate the transmission of longitudinal ultrasound waves through 1D-periodic biphasic media, whose constituent materials are viscoelastic. To this end, Bloch-Floquet analysis is applied in the frame of viscoelasticity, with the aim of disentangling the relative contributions of viscoelasticity and periodicity on ultrasound signatures, such as dispersion, attenuation, and bandgaps localization. The impact of the finite size nature of these structures is then assessed by using a modeling approach based on the transfer matrix formalism. Finally, the modeling outcomes, i.e., frequency-dependent phase velocity and attenuation, are confronted with experiments conducted on 3D-printed samples, which exhibit a 1D periodicity at length-scales of a few hundreds of micrometers. Altogether, the obtained results shed light on the modeling characteristics to be considered when predicting the complex acoustic behavior of periodic media in the ultrasonic regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Gattin
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, UMR 8208, MSME, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas Bochud
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, UMR 8208, MSME, F-94010, Créteil, France.
| | - Giuseppe Rosi
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, UMR 8208, MSME, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Quentin Grossman
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Quartier Polytech 1, Allée de la Découverte, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Davide Ruffoni
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Quartier Polytech 1, Allée de la Découverte, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Salah Naili
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, UMR 8208, MSME, F-94010, Créteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gattin M, Bochud N, Rosi G, Grossman Q, Ruffoni D, Naili S. Ultrasound characterization of the viscoelastic properties of additively manufactured photopolymer materials. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 152:1901. [PMID: 36182322 DOI: 10.1121/10.0014180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photopolymer-based additive manufacturing has received increasing attention in the field of acoustics over the past decade, specifically towards the design of tissue-mimicking phantoms and passive components for ultrasound imaging and therapy. While these applications rely on an accurate characterization of the longitudinal bulk properties of the materials, emerging applications involving periodic micro-architectured media also require the knowledge of the transverse bulk properties to achieve the desired acoustic behavior. However, a robust knowledge of these properties is still lacking for such attenuating materials. Here, we report on the longitudinal and transverse bulk properties, i.e., frequency-dependent phase velocities and attenuations, of photopolymer materials, which were characterized in the MHz regime using a double through-transmission method in oblique incidence. Samples were fabricated using two different printing technologies (stereolithography and polyjet) to assess the impact of two important factors of the manufacturing process: curing and material mixing. Overall, the experimentally observed dispersion and attenuation could be satisfactorily modeled using a power law attenuation to identify a reduced number of intrinsic ultrasound parameters. As a result, these parameters, and especially those reflecting transverse bulk properties, were shown to be very sensitive to slight variations of the manufacturing process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Gattin
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, UMR 8208, MSME, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas Bochud
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, UMR 8208, MSME, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Giuseppe Rosi
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, UMR 8208, MSME, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Quentin Grossman
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Quartier Polytech 1, Allée de la Découverte 9, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Davide Ruffoni
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Quartier Polytech 1, Allée de la Découverte 9, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Salah Naili
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, UMR 8208, MSME, F-94010 Créteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aghaei A, Bochud N, Rosi G, Grossman Q, Ruffoni D, Naili S. Ultrasound characterization of bioinspired functionally graded soft-to-hard composites: Experiment and modeling. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 151:1490. [PMID: 35364905 DOI: 10.1121/10.0009630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Functional grading is a distinctive feature adopted by nature to improve the transition between tissues that present a strong mismatch in mechanical properties, a relevant example being the tendon-to-bone attachment. Recent progress in multi-material additive manufacturing now allows for the design and fabrication of bioinspired functionally graded soft-to-hard composites. Nevertheless, this emerging technology depends on several design variables, including both material and mechanistic ingredients, that are likely to affect the mechanical performance of such composites. In this paper, a model-based approach is developed to describe the interaction of ultrasound waves with homogeneous and heterogeneous additively manufactured samples, which respectively display a variation either of the material ingredients (e.g., ratio of the elementary constituents) or of their spatial arrangement (e.g., functional gradients, damage). Measurements are performed using longitudinal bulk waves, which are launched and detected using a linear transducer array. First, model is calibrated by exploiting the signals measured on the homogeneous samples, which allow identifying relationships between the model parameters and the material composition. Second, the model is validated by comparing the signals measured on the heterogeneous samples with those predicted numerically. Overall, the reported results pave the way for characterizing and optimizing multi-material systems that display complex bioinspired features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aghaei
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, UMR 8208, MSME, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas Bochud
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, UMR 8208, MSME, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Giuseppe Rosi
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, UMR 8208, MSME, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Quentin Grossman
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Quartier Polytech 1, Allée de la Découverte 9, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Davide Ruffoni
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Quartier Polytech 1, Allée de la Découverte 9, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Salah Naili
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, UMR 8208, MSME, F-94010 Créteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ma Y, Kottisch V, McLoughlin EA, Rouse ZW, Supej MJ, Baker SP, Fors BP. Photoswitching Cationic and Radical Polymerizations: Spatiotemporal Control of Thermoset Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21200-21205. [PMID: 34878283 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to fabricate polymeric materials with spatially controlled physical properties has been a challenge in thermoset manufacturing. To address this challenge, this work takes advantage of a photoswitchable polymerization that selectively incorporates different monomers at a growing chain by converting from cationic to radical polymerizations through modulation of the wavelength of irradiation. By regulating the dosage and wavelength of light applied to the system, the mechanical properties of the crosslinked material can be temporally and spatially tuned. Furthermore, photopatterning can be achieved both on the macroscale and the microscale, enabling precise spatial control of crosslink density that results in high-resolution control over mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Veronika Kottisch
- Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Zachary W Rouse
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michael J Supej
- Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Shefford P Baker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brett P Fors
- Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zandinejad A, Revilla-León M. Additively Manufactured Dental Crown with Color Gradient and Graded Structure: A Technique Report. J Prosthodont 2021; 30:822-825. [PMID: 34297467 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the feasibility of manufacturing a dental crown with internal color gradient and graded structure design using additive manufacturing technology, a mandibular first molar was prepared and a monolayer dental crown with 1.5 mm uniform thickness was designed in a dental software (STLC1 ). The monolayer crown design was sliced into multiple layers of 0.1 mm thickness and a design for a multilayer crown was obtained (STLC2 ). A multilayer crown was manufactured with gradient color and graded structure using a material jetting printer. Different materials with different colors and properties were used and mixed in different ratios during manufacturing to achieve the prospected design. The feasibility of manufacturing such a crown was reported. This report confirms that multilayer dental crowns with internal gradient color and graded structure are possible when using a multimaterial jetting printer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Revilla-León
- College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX.,School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Revilla Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dolinski ND, Callaway EB, Sample CS, Gockowski LF, Chavez R, Page ZA, Eisenreich F, Hecht S, Valentine MT, Zok FW, Hawker CJ. Tough Multimaterial Interfaces through Wavelength-Selective 3D Printing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:22065-22072. [PMID: 33929835 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strong and well-engineered interfaces between dissimilar materials are a hallmark of natural systems but have proven difficult to emulate in synthetic materials, where interfaces often act as points of failure. In this work, curing reactions that are triggered by exposure to different wavelengths of visible light are used to produce multimaterial objects with tough, well-defined interfaces between chemically distinct domains. Longer-wavelength (green) light selectively initiates acrylate-based radical polymerization, while shorter-wavelength (blue) light results in the simultaneous formation of epoxy and acrylate networks through orthogonal cationic and radical processes. The improved mechanical strength of these interfaces is hypothesized to arise from a continuous acrylate network that bridges domains. Using printed test structures, interfaces were characterized through spatial resolution of their chemical composition, localized mechanical properties, and bulk fracture strength. This wavelength-selective photocuring of interpenetrating polymer networks is a promising strategy for increasing the mechanical performance of 3D-printed objects and expanding light-based additive manufacturing technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Dolinski
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - E Benjamin Callaway
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Caitlin S Sample
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Luke F Gockowski
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Roberto Chavez
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Fabian Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Megan T Valentine
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Frank W Zok
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The Emergence of Sequential Buckling in Reconfigurable Hexagonal Networks Embedded into Soft Matrix. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14082038. [PMID: 33919612 PMCID: PMC8073188 DOI: 10.3390/ma14082038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The extreme and unconventional properties of mechanical metamaterials originate in their sophisticated internal architectures. Traditionally, the architecture of mechanical metamaterials is decided on in the design stage and cannot be altered after fabrication. However, the phenomenon of elastic instability, usually accompanied by a reconfiguration in periodic lattices, can be harnessed to alter their mechanical properties. Here, we study the behavior of mechanical metamaterials consisting of hexagonal networks embedded into a soft matrix. Using finite element analysis, we reveal that under specific conditions, such metamaterials can undergo sequential buckling at two different strain levels. While the first reconfiguration keeps the periodicity of the metamaterial intact, the secondary buckling is accompanied by the change in the global periodicity and formation of a new periodic unit cell. We reveal that the critical strains for the first and the second buckling depend on the metamaterial geometry and the ratio between elastic moduli. Moreover, we demonstrate that the buckling behavior can be further controlled by the placement of the rigid circular inclusions in the rotation centers of order 6. The observed sequential buckling in bulk metamaterials can provide additional routes to program their mechanical behavior and control the propagation of elastic waves.
Collapse
|