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Gallo E, Diaferia C, Giordano S, Rosa E, Carrese B, Piccialli G, Borbone N, Morelli G, Oliviero G, Accardo A. Ultrashort Cationic Peptide Fmoc-FFK as Hydrogel Building Block for Potential Biomedical Applications. Gels 2023; 10:12. [PMID: 38247735 PMCID: PMC10815546 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Fmoc-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) is a low-molecular-weight peptide hydrogelator. This simple all-aromatic peptide can generate self-supporting hydrogel materials, which have been proposed as novel materials for diagnostic and pharmaceutical applications. Our knowledge of the molecular determinants of Fmoc-FF aggregation is used as a guide to design new peptide-based gelators, with features for the development of improved tools. Here, we enlarge the plethora of Fmoc-FF-based hydrogelated matrices by studying the properties of the Fmoc-FFK tripeptide, alone or in combination with Fmoc-FF. For multicomponent matrices, the relative weight ratios between Fmoc-FFK and Fmoc-FF (specifically, 1/1, 1/5, 1/10, and 1/20 w/w) are evaluated. All the systems and their multiscale organization are studied using different experimental techniques, including rheology, circular dichroism, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Preliminary profiles of biocompatibility for the studied systems are also described by testing them in vitro on HaCaT and 3T3-L1 cell lines. Additionally, the lysine (K) residue at the C-terminus of the Fmoc-FF moiety introduces into the supramolecular material chemical functions (amino groups) which may be useful for modification/derivatization with bioactive molecules of interest, including diagnostic probes, chelating agents, active pharmaceutical ingredients, or peptide nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Gallo
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; (E.G.); (S.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (E.R.); (G.P.); (N.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Sabrina Giordano
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; (E.G.); (S.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (E.R.); (G.P.); (N.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Barbara Carrese
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; (E.G.); (S.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Gennaro Piccialli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (E.R.); (G.P.); (N.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Nicola Borbone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (E.R.); (G.P.); (N.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (E.R.); (G.P.); (N.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Giorgia Oliviero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (E.R.); (G.P.); (N.B.); (G.M.)
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Giordano S, Gallo E, Diaferia C, Rosa E, Carrese B, Borbone N, Scognamiglio PL, Franzese M, Oliviero G, Accardo A. Multicomponent Peptide-Based Hydrogels Containing Chemical Functional Groups as Innovative Platforms for Biotechnological Applications. Gels 2023; 9:903. [PMID: 37998993 PMCID: PMC10671135 DOI: 10.3390/gels9110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent hydrogels (HGs) based on ultrashort aromatic peptides have been exploited as biocompatible matrices for tissue engineering applications, the delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents, and the development of biosensors. Due to its capability to gel under physiological conditions of pH and ionic strength, the low molecular-weight Fmoc-FF (Nα-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-diphenylalanine) homodimer is one of the most studied hydrogelators. The introduction into the Fmoc-FF hydrogel of additional molecules like protein, organic compounds, or other peptide sequences often allows the generation of novel hydrogels with improved mechanical and functional properties. In this perspective, here we studied a library of novel multicomponent Fmoc-FF based hydrogels doped with different amounts of the tripeptide Fmoc-FFX (in which X= Cys, Ser, or Thr). The insertion of these tripeptides allows to obtain hydrogels functionalized with thiol or alcohol groups that can be used for their chemical post-derivatization with bioactive molecules of interest like diagnostic or biosensing agents. These novel multicomponent hydrogels share a similar peptide organization in their supramolecular matrix. The hydrogels' biocompatibility, and their propensity to support adhesion, proliferation, and even cell differentiation, assessed in vitro on fibroblast cell lines, allows us to conclude that the hybrid hydrogels are not toxic and can potentially act as a scaffold and support for cell culture growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (C.D.); (N.B.)
| | - Enrico Gallo
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; (E.G.); (B.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (C.D.); (N.B.)
| | - Elisabetta Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (C.D.); (N.B.)
| | - Barbara Carrese
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; (E.G.); (B.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Nicola Borbone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (C.D.); (N.B.)
| | | | - Monica Franzese
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; (E.G.); (B.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Giorgia Oliviero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (C.D.); (N.B.)
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Smaldone G, Rosa E, Gallo E, Diaferia C, Morelli G, Stornaiuolo M, Accardo A. Caveolin-Mediated Internalization of Fmoc-FF Nanogels in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15031026. [PMID: 36986886 PMCID: PMC10051563 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15031026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hydrogel nanoparticles, also known as nanogels (NGs), have been recently proposed as alternative supramolecular vehicles for the delivery of biologically relevant molecules like anticancer drugs and contrast agents. The inner compartment of peptide based NGs can be opportunely modified according to the chemical features of the cargo, thus improving its loading and release. A full understanding of the intracellular mechanism involved in nanogel uptake by cancer cells and tissues would further contribute to the potential diagnostic and clinical applications of these nanocarriers, allowing the fine tuning of their selectivity, potency, and activity. The structural characterization of nanogels were assessed by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Nanoparticles Tracking Analysis (NTA) analysis. Cells viability of Fmoc-FF nanogels was evaluated by MTT assay on six breast cancer cell lines at different incubation times (24, 48, and 72 h) and peptide concentrations (in the range 6.25 × 10-4 ÷ 5·10-3 × wt%). The cell cycle and mechanisms involved in Fmoc-FF nanogels intracellular uptake were evaluated using flow cytometry and confocal analysis, respectively. Fmoc-FF nanogels, endowed with a diameter of ~130 nm and a zeta potential of ~-20.0/-25.0 mV, enter cancer cells via caveolae, mostly those responsible for albumin uptake. The specificity of the machinery used by Fmoc-FF nanogels confers a selectivity toward cancer cell lines overexpressing the protein caveolin1 and efficiently performing caveolae-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabetta Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Gallo
- IRCCS Synlab SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariano Stornaiuolo
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
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Chotera‐Ouda A, Jeziorna A, Kaźmierski S, Dolot R, Dudek MK, Potrzebowski MJ. “Crystal memory” Affects the Properties of Peptide Hydrogels – The Case of the Cyclic Tyr‐Tyr dipeptide. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202005. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Chotera‐Ouda
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Lodz Poland
| | - Agata Jeziorna
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Lodz Poland
- Lodz Institute of Technology Łukasiewicz Research Network M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 19/27 90-570 Lodz Poland
| | - Sławomir Kaźmierski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Lodz Poland
| | - Rafał Dolot
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Lodz Poland
| | - Marta K. Dudek
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Lodz Poland
| | - Marek J. Potrzebowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Lodz Poland
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Pane K, Quintavalle C, Nuzzo S, Ingenito F, Roscigno G, Affinito A, Scognamiglio I, Pattanayak B, Gallo E, Accardo A, Thomas G, Minic Z, Berezovski MV, Franzese M, Condorelli G. Comparative Proteomic Profiling of Secreted Extracellular Vesicles from Breast Fibroadenoma and Malignant Lesions: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073989. [PMID: 35409352 PMCID: PMC8999736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) shuttle proteins, RNA, DNA, and lipids crucial for cell-to-cell communication. Recent findings have highlighted that EVs, by virtue of their cargo, may also contribute to breast cancer (BC) growth and metastatic dissemination. Indeed, EVs are gaining great interest as non-invasive cancer biomarkers. However, little is known about the biological and physical properties of EVs from malignant BC lesions, and even less is understood about EVs from non-malignant lesions, such as breast fibroadenoma (FAD), which are clinically managed using conservative approaches. Thus, for this pilot study, we attempted to purify and explore the proteomic profiles of EVs from benign breast lesions, HER2+ BCs, triple–negative BCs (TNBCs), and continuous BC cell lines (i.e., BT-549, MCF–10A, and MDA-MB-231), combining experimental and semi-quantitative approaches. Of note, proteome-wide analyses showed 49 common proteins across EVs harvested from FAD, HER2+ BCs, TNBCs, and model BC lines. This is the first feasibility study evaluating the physicochemical composition and proteome of EVs from benign breast cells and primary and immortalized BC cells. Our preliminary results hold promise for possible implications in precision medicine for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Pane
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; (K.P.); (S.N.); (E.G.)
| | - Cristina Quintavalle
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Silvia Nuzzo
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; (K.P.); (S.N.); (E.G.)
| | - Francesco Ingenito
- Percuros BV, Eerbeeklaan 42, 2573 HT Den Haag, The Netherlands; (F.I.); (G.R.); (A.A.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 15, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Giuseppina Roscigno
- Percuros BV, Eerbeeklaan 42, 2573 HT Den Haag, The Netherlands; (F.I.); (G.R.); (A.A.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 15, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Alessandra Affinito
- Percuros BV, Eerbeeklaan 42, 2573 HT Den Haag, The Netherlands; (F.I.); (G.R.); (A.A.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 15, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Iolanda Scognamiglio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 15, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Birlipta Pattanayak
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 15, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Enrico Gallo
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; (K.P.); (S.N.); (E.G.)
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy;
| | - Guglielmo Thomas
- Breast Unit Clinica Mediterranea, Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Via Orazio 2, 80122 Naples, Italy;
| | - Zoran Minic
- John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (Z.M.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Maxim V. Berezovski
- John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (Z.M.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Monica Franzese
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; (K.P.); (S.N.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Gerolama Condorelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 15, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.S.); (B.P.)
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (G.C.)
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Diaferia C, Rosa E, Balasco N, Sibillano T, Morelli G, Giannini C, Vitagliano L, Accardo A. The Introduction of a Cysteine Residue Modulates The Mechanical Properties of Aromatic-Based Solid Aggregates and Self-Supporting Hydrogels. Chemistry 2021; 27:14886-14898. [PMID: 34498321 PMCID: PMC8596998 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-based hydrogels, originated by multiscale self-assembling phenomenon, have been proposed as multivalent tools in different technological areas. Structural studies and molecular dynamics simulations pointed out the capability of completely aromatic peptides to gelificate if hydrophilic and hydrophobic forces are opportunely balanced. Here, the effect produced by the introduction of a Cys residue in the heteroaromatic sequence of (FY)3 and in its PEGylated variant was evaluated. The physicochemical characterization indicates that both FYFCFYF and PEG8-FYFCFYF are able to self-assemble in supramolecular nanostructures whose basic cross-β motif resembles the one detected in the ancestor (FY)3 assemblies. However, gelification occurs only for FYFCFYF at a concentration of 1.5 wt%. After cross-linking of cysteine residues, the hydrogel undergoes to an improvement of the rigidity compared to the parent (FY)3 assemblies as suggested by the storage modulus (G') that increases from 970 to 3360 Pa. The mechanical properties of FYFCFYF are compatible with its potential application in bone tissue regeneration. Moreover, the avalaibility of a Cys residue in the middle of the peptide sequence could allow the hydrogel derivatization with targeting moieties or with biologically relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB)University of Naples “Federico II”Via Mezzocannone 16Naples80134Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB)University of Naples “Federico II”Via Mezzocannone 16Naples80134Italy
| | - Nicole Balasco
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), CNRVia Mezzocannone 1680134NaplesItaly
| | - Teresa Sibillano
- Institute of Crystallography (IC), CNRVia Amendola 12270126BariItaly
| | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB)University of Naples “Federico II”Via Mezzocannone 16Naples80134Italy
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- Institute of Crystallography (IC), CNRVia Amendola 12270126BariItaly
| | - Luigi Vitagliano
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), CNRVia Mezzocannone 1680134NaplesItaly
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB)University of Naples “Federico II”Via Mezzocannone 16Naples80134Italy
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Amplified spontaneous emission and gain in highly concentrated Rhodamine-doped peptide derivative. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17609. [PMID: 34475484 PMCID: PMC8413385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinspired fluorescence, being widely explored for imaging purposes, faces challenges in delivering bright biocompatible sources. While quite a few techniques have been developed to reach this goal, encapsulation of high-quantum yield fluorescent dyes in natural biological forms suggest achieving superior light-emitting characteristics, approaching amplified spontaneous emission and even lasing. Here we compare gain capabilities of highly concentrated Rhodamine B solutions with a newly synthesized biocompatible peptide derivative hybrid polymer/peptide material, RhoB-PEG1300-F6, which contains the fluorescent covalently bound dye. While concentration quenching effects limit the maximal achievable gain of dissolved Rhodamine B, biocompatible conjugation allows elevating amplification coefficients towards moderately high values. In particular, Rhodamine B, anchored to the peptide derivative material, demonstrates gain of 22–23 cm−1 for a 10−2 M solution, while a pure dye solution possesses 25% smaller values at the same concentration. New biocompatible fluorescent agents pave ways to demonstrate lasing in living organisms and can be further introduced to therapeutic applications, if proper solvents are found.
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Scognamiglio PL, Platella C, Napolitano E, Musumeci D, Roviello GN. From Prebiotic Chemistry to Supramolecular Biomedical Materials: Exploring the Properties of Self-Assembling Nucleobase-Containing Peptides. Molecules 2021; 26:3558. [PMID: 34200901 PMCID: PMC8230524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides and their synthetic analogs are a class of molecules with enormous relevance as therapeutics for their ability to interact with biomacromolecules like nucleic acids and proteins, potentially interfering with biological pathways often involved in the onset and progression of pathologies of high social impact. Nucleobase-bearing peptides (nucleopeptides) and pseudopeptides (PNAs) offer further interesting possibilities related to their nucleobase-decorated nature for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, thanks to their reported ability to target complementary DNA and RNA strands. In addition, these chimeric compounds are endowed with intriguing self-assembling properties, which are at the heart of their investigation as self-replicating materials in prebiotic chemistry, as well as their application as constituents of innovative drug delivery systems and, more generally, as novel nanomaterials to be employed in biomedicine. Herein we describe the properties of nucleopeptides, PNAs and related supramolecular systems, and summarize some of the most relevant applications of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Platella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Ettore Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Domenica Musumeci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.M.)
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini IBB-CNR, via Tommaso De Amicis 95, I-80145 Naples, Italy
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