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Restrepo A, Smith KE, Silver EM, Norman G. Ambiguity potentiates effects of loneliness on feelings of rejection. Cogn Emot 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39093061 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2385006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
For social species, having strong and high-quality social relationships is an important safety cue. Loneliness occurs when an individual perceives they have insufficient relationships resulting in feelings of lack of safety. States of perceived unsafety are linked to an increased tendency to construe ambiguous information - information lacking a unique clear interpretation - as threatening. Here, we explore whether the ambiguity of social cues of interpersonal rejection moderates effects of loneliness on feelings of rejection while undergoing social exclusion. Data were collected in 2021; 144 adults completed a progressive social exclusion paradigm where they were randomly assigned to be equally included, excluded, or over-included. Social exclusion/inclusion cues became more pronounced over the course of multiple rounds of a ball-tossing game (Cyberball) resulting in a scenario where ambiguity was highest in earlier rounds and decreased over time. Participants reported feelings of loneliness prior to the task and feelings of rejection throughout the task. Results demonstrated that higher loneliness predicted increased feelings of rejection regardless of exclusion condition. Notably, this positive relationship was strongest during earlier rounds when social cues were most ambiguous. These findings contribute to our understanding of how loneliness modulates social perception to enable organisms to adequately adapt to changing circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Restrepo
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karen E Smith
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Emily M Silver
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Greg Norman
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Ghandchi A, Golbabaei S, Borhani K. Effects of two different social exclusion paradigms on ambiguous facial emotion recognition. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:296-314. [PMID: 38678446 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2285862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Social exclusion is an emotionally painful experience that leads to various alterations in socio-emotional processing. The perceptual and emotional consequences that may arise from experiencing social exclusion can vary depending on the paradigm used to manipulate it. Exclusion paradigms can vary in terms of the severity and duration of the leading exclusion experience, thereby classifying it as either a short-term or long-term experience. The present study aimed to study the impact of exclusion on socio-emotional processing using different paradigms that caused experiencing short-term and imagining long-term exclusion. Ambiguous facial emotions were used as socio-emotional cues. In study 1, the Ostracism Online paradigm was used to manipulate short-term exclusion. In study 2, a new sample of participants imagined long-term exclusion through the future life alone paradigm. Participants of both studies then completed a facial emotion recognition task consisting of morphed ambiguous facial emotions. By means of Point of Subjective Equivalence analyses, our results indicate that the experience of short-term exclusion hinders recognising happy facial expressions. In contrast, imagining long-term exclusion causes difficulties in recognising sad facial expressions. These findings extend the current literature, suggesting that not all social exclusion paradigms affect socio-emotional processing similarly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Ghandchi
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroosh Golbabaei
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khatereh Borhani
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Barton BB, Ehring T, Reinhard MA, Goerigk S, Wüstenberg T, Musil R, Amann BL, Jobst A, Dewald-Kaufmann J, Padberg F. Effects of resilience and timing of adverse and adaptive experiences on interpersonal behavior: a transdiagnostic study in a clinical sample. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18131. [PMID: 37875505 PMCID: PMC10598007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44555-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) have been linked to less prosocial behavior during social exclusion in vulnerable groups. However, little is known about the impact of the timing of ACE and the roles of protective factors. Therefore, this study investigated the association of the behavioral response to experimental partial social exclusion with adverse and adaptive experiences across age groups and resilience in clinical groups with persistent depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder, i.e., groups with high ACE, and in healthy controls (HC) (N = 140). Adverse and adaptive experiences during childhood, youth, and adulthood were assessed with the Traumatic Antecedents Questionnaire, and resilience was measured with the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale. A modified version of the Cyberball paradigm was used to assess the direct behavioral response to partial social exclusion. In patients, adverse events during youth (B = - 0.12, p = 0.016) and adulthood (B = - 0.14, p = 0.013) were negatively associated with prosocial behavior, whereas in the HC sample, adaptive experiences during youth were positively associated with prosocial behavior (B = 0.25, p = 0.041). Resilience did not mediate these effects. The findings indicate that critical events during youth may be particularly relevant for interpersonal dysfunction in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Barton
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Ehring
- Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias A Reinhard
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Goerigk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
- Charlotte Fresenius Hochschule, Infanteriestrasse 11A, 80797, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychological Methodology and Assessment, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Torsten Wüstenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Musil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt L Amann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
- Centre Fòrum Research Unit, Hospital Del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Mental Health Institute, Hospital Del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Jobst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Dewald-Kaufmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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Barton BB, Reinhard MA, Goerigk S, Wüstenberg T, Musil R, Ehring T, Jobst A, Dewald-Kaufmann J, Padberg F. Association between the behavioral response during social exclusion and recalled childhood maltreatment. Behav Res Ther 2023; 160:104232. [PMID: 36459815 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2022.104232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Social exclusion is a critical event for mental health. Patients with interpersonal dysfunction, e.g., with borderline personality disorder (BPD) or persistent depressive disorder (PDD), are particularly vulnerable, often based on their experiences of early adversity in life. The etiological pathways from childhood maltreatment (CM) to current behavior during social exclusion are still underexplored. This cross-diagnostic study investigated the relationship between self-reported CM and behavioral reaction to social exclusion in an experimental paradigm (Cyberball). Data from 140 subjects including patients with BPD and PDD as well as healthy controls were analyzed. The effect of CM (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, CTQ) on behavior to social exclusion during Cyberball (ball tossing behavior) was analyzed including rejection sensitivity (RS) as a mediator. In the whole sample, the CTQ score (B = -.004, p < .05) as well as the emotional neglect subscore (B = -.016, p < .01) were associated with a reduced ball tossing behavior towards the excluder. There were no significant indirect effects involving RS. These current findings support the relationship between CM and an altered interpersonal response in critical interpersonal situations. Larger cohorts with multidimensional data in social domains are warranted to further investigate the link between CM and current interpersonal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Barton
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Matthias A Reinhard
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Stephan Goerigk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany; Charlotte Fresenius Hochschule, Infanteriestraße 11a, 80797 Munich, Germany; Department of Psychological Methodology and Assessment, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Leopoldstraße 13, 80802, Munich, Germany.
| | - Torsten Wüstenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Bonhoefferweg 3, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Richard Musil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Ehring
- Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Leopoldstraße 13, 80802, Munich, Germany.
| | - Andrea Jobst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Julia Dewald-Kaufmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Inclusive Education: a Cross-National Exploration. TRENDS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9666966 DOI: 10.1007/s43076-022-00240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Investigation of the support constraint effect and failure instability law of tunnels constructed using the New Austrian tunneling method. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5811. [PMID: 35388131 PMCID: PMC8987082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of a reasonable numerical calculation method is the key to accurately analyzing tunnel rock-support interactions. In this paper, we address the support constraint effect of tunnels and analyze the influence of related factors based on the confinement convergence method. Rupturable support models are developed using FLAC3D to intuitively show the numerical calculation results of tunnels. The results imply that the virtual supporting force generated by the support constraint effect should be considered in two-dimensional rock tunnel model calculations, and that the supporting force of the support should be increased by 2–3% of the maximum supporting force. Boundary effects should be considered in the three-dimensional tunnel model calculations, in which the influence range of the model boundary effect is nearly 1.5 times the tunnel span. A comparison of the field monitoring data and numerical calculations of the Baoshan tunnel project shows that the numerical results that consider the support constraint effect are in better agreement with the actual project situation. The rupturable support models can also reflect the stress and failure evolution law of supports, and provide support for the accurate evaluation of tunnel engineering stability.
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Reinhard MA, Padberg F, Dewald-Kaufmann J, Wüstenberg T, Goerigk S, Barton BB, Zülch A, Brandl L, Windmüller H, Fernandes F, Brunoni AR, Musil R, Jobst A. Sequential Social Exclusion in a Novel Cyberball Paradigm Leads to Reduced Behavioral Repair and Plasma Oxytocin in Borderline Personality Disorder. J Pers Disord 2022; 36:99-115. [PMID: 34427490 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2021_35_532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) show interpersonal deficits, and altered emotional and oxytocin (OT) responses to social exclusion (Cyberball). In order to extend previous findings, this study applies a novel Cyberball variant. Nineteen BPD patients and 56 healthy controls (HC) played Cyberball for 2 minutes of inclusion, 5 minutes of partial exclusion by one of two co-players, and 2 minutes total exclusion by both. Plasma OT levels at baseline and after 7, 9, 15, and 40 minutes were measured with radioimmunoassay. BPD patients showed a greater aversive reaction and a trend for greater OT reduction after social exclusion than HC. BPD patients also tended to play less frequently with the excluder. Though limited by our sample size, we partially replicate previous findings. Our preliminary behavioral data support the notion of an altered OT regulation and reduced capacity for social cooperation in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias A Reinhard
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Dewald-Kaufmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.,Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Torsten Wüstenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Goerigk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara B Barton
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Adima Zülch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Brandl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Windmüller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Fabiana Fernandes
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Andre R Brunoni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo & Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Biomarkers in Psychiatry and Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard Musil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Jobst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
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Barton BB, Goerigk S, Wüstenberg T, Dewald-Kaufmann J, Reinhard MA, Musil R, Ehring T, Jobst A, Padberg F. Altered immediate behavioral response to partial social exclusion: A cross-diagnostic study in patients with borderline personality disorder and persistent depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 144:177-183. [PMID: 34666281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) and persistent depressive disorder (PDD) are related to interpersonal dysfunction which might become particularly apparent in situations of social exclusion (SE). While emotional responses to SE have been widely explored, behavioral data in clinical samples are lacking. In this cross-diagnostic study, we applied a variant of the Cyberball paradigm to investigate the dynamic behavioral response to partial SE in BPD and PDD. BPD patients (n = 36), PDD patients (n = 34) and age and gender matched healthy controls (HC) (total n = 70) played experimental (i.e. partial SE Cyberball) and control (i.e. inclusion only) conditions in randomized order. While all groups tended to increase ball tosses towards the excluder in response to SE, this behavioral turn was significantly lower in PDD (p = .03, d = -.30) and trendwise in BPD patients (p = .06, d = -.28). Thus, an altered immediate response to partial SE was observed in BPD and PDD, in addition to the emotional reactions. This study supports the hypothesis of a behavioral coping with SE in BPD and PDD that might be problematic in the long run and provides an experimental paradigm for future research on interpersonal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Barton
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Stephan Goerigk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany; Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany, Charles-de-Gaulle-Straße 2, 81737, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychological Methodology and Assessment, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany, Leopoldstraße 13, 80802, Munich, Germany.
| | - Torsten Wüstenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Bonhoefferweg 3, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ruprecht Karl University of Hauptstraße 47-51, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Julia Dewald-Kaufmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany; Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany, Charles-de-Gaulle-Straße 2, 81737, Munich, Germany.
| | - Matthias A Reinhard
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Richard Musil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Ehring
- Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany, Leopoldstraße 13, 80802, Munich, Germany.
| | - Andrea Jobst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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