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Prajapati SK, Pathak A, Samaiya PK. Alzheimer's disease: from early pathogenesis to novel therapeutic approaches. Metab Brain Dis 2024:10.1007/s11011-024-01389-6. [PMID: 39046584 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The mainstay behind Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unknown due to the elusive pathophysiology of the disease. Beta-amyloid and phosphorylated Tau is still widely incorporated in various research studies while studying AD. However, they are not sufficient. Therefore, many scientists and researchers have dug into AD studies to deliver many innovations in this field. Many novel biomarkers, such as phosphoglycerate-dehydrogenase, clusterin, microRNA, and a new peptide ratio (Aβ37/Aβ42) in cerebral-spinal fluid, plasma glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein, and lipid peroxidation biomarkers, are mushrooming. They are helping scientists find breakthroughs and substantiating their research on the early detection of AD. Neurovascular unit dysfunction in AD is a significant discovery that can help us understand the relationship between neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow. These new biomarkers are promising and can take these AD studies to another level. There have also been big steps forward in diagnosing and finding AD. One example is self-administered-gerocognitive-examination, which is less expensive and better at finding AD early on than mini-mental-state-examination. Quantum brain sensors and electrochemical biosensors are innovations in the detection field that must be explored and incorporated into the studies. Finally, novel innovations in AD studies like nanotheranostics are the future of AD treatment, which can not only diagnose and detect AD but also offer treatment. Non-pharmacological strategies to treat AD have also yielded interesting results. Our literature review spans from 1957 to 2022, capturing research and trends in the field over six decades. This review article is an update not only on the recent advances in the search for credible biomarkers but also on the newer detection techniques and therapeutic approaches targeting AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Prajapati
- Bhavdiya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Ayodhya, UP, India
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Arjit Pathak
- Department of Pharmacy Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, 452003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Puneet K Samaiya
- Department of Pharmacy Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, 452003, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Su S, Xu Z, He X, Zhang G, Wu H, Gao Y, Ma Y, Yin C, Ruan Y, Li K, Lin Q. Vector magnetocardiography using compact optically-pumped magnetometers. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29092. [PMID: 38601529 PMCID: PMC11004653 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Optically pumped magnetometers can provide functionality for bio-magnetic field detection and mapping. This has attracted widespread attention from researchers in the biomedical science field. Magnetocardiography has been proven to be an effective method for examining heart disease. Notably, vector magnetocardiography obtains more spatial information than the conventional method by only taking a component that is perpendicular to the chest surface. In this work, a spin-exchange-relaxation-free (SERF) magnetometer with a compact size of 14 mm × 25 mm × 90 mm was developed. The device has a high sensitivity of 25 fT/ Hz . Meanwhile, in the multichannel working mode, synchronous sensor manipulation and data acquisition can be achieved through our control software without additional data acquisition boards. Since a typical SERF magnetometer only responds to dual-axis magnetic fields, two sensors are orthogonally arranged to form a vector detection channel. Our system consists of seven channels and allows 7 × 9 vector MCG mapping by scanning. High-quality heart vector signals are measured, and P peak, QRS peak, and T peak can be distinguished clearly. To better demonstrate the vectorial information, a vector scatter plot form is also provided. Through a basic bio-electric current model, it demonstrates that triaxial MCG measurements capture a richer spatial current information than traditional uniaxial MCG, offering substantial diagnostic potential for heart diseases and shedding more light on the inversion of cardiac issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengran Su
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Quantum Precision Measurement, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Zhenyuan Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Quantum Precision Measurement, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xiang He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Quantum Precision Measurement, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Guoyi Zhang
- Hangzhou Q-MAG Technology Co.,Ltd., Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Haijun Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Quantum Precision Measurement, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yalan Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Quantum Precision Measurement, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yueliang Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Quantum Precision Measurement, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Chanling Yin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Quantum Precision Measurement, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yi Ruan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Quantum Precision Measurement, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Kan Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Quantum Precision Measurement, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Quantum Precision Measurement, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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Wu H, Liang X, Wang R, Ma Y, Gao Y, Ning X. A Multivariate analysis on evoked components of Chinese semantic congruity: an OP-MEG study with EEG. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae108. [PMID: 38610084 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of wearable magnetoencephalography using optically-pumped magnetometers has drawn extensive attention in the field of neuroscience. Electroencephalogram system can cover the whole head and reflect the overall activity of a large number of neurons. The efficacy of optically-pumped magnetometer in detecting event-related components can be validated through electroencephalogram results. Multivariate pattern analysis is capable of tracking the evolution of neurocognitive processes over time. In this paper, we adopted a classical Chinese semantic congruity paradigm and separately collected electroencephalogram and optically-pumped magnetometer signals. Then, we verified the consistency of optically-pumped magnetometer and electroencephalogram in detecting N400 using mutual information index. Multivariate pattern analysis revealed the difference in decoding performance of these two modalities, which can be further validated by dynamic/stable coding analysis on the temporal generalization matrix. The results from searchlight analysis provided a neural basis for this dissimilarity at the magnetoencephalography source level and the electroencephalogram sensor level. This study opens a new avenue for investigating the brain's coding patterns using wearable magnetoencephalography and reveals the differences in sensitivity between the two modalities in reflecting neuron representation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanqi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Hangzhou Institute of National Extremely-weak Magnetic Field Infrastructure, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Hangzhou Institute of National Extremely-weak Magnetic Field Infrastructure, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Hangzhou Institute of National Extremely-weak Magnetic Field Infrastructure, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Hangzhou Institute of National Extremely-weak Magnetic Field Infrastructure, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Hangzhou Institute of National Extremely-weak Magnetic Field Infrastructure, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaolin Ning
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Hangzhou Institute of National Extremely-weak Magnetic Field Infrastructure, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, Shandong 264209, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Anhui 230026, China
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Ko DW, Salman Ahmed Q, Field JW, Gates JC, Horak P. Out-of-plane beam shaping with UV-written tilted Bragg gratings for beam delivery on quantum chips. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:44628-44639. [PMID: 36522884 DOI: 10.1364/oe.469501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically and numerically investigate the performance of tilted Bragg gratings in planar waveguides, fabricated by direct UV writing in photosensitive silica, to couple light out of a chip. An analytic expression is derived for the coupling efficiency and validated numerically by finite element simulations. Using the analytic result, we can design gratings to generate output beams in free space of any specific shape and calculate their overall power coupling efficiency. Our simulations indicate that for currently achievable grating index contrasts devices of millimeter length are most suitable for this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysa Widjaja
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
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