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Vignesh V, Castro-Dominguez B, James TD, Gamble-Turner JM, Lightman S, Reis NM. Advancements in Cortisol Detection: From Conventional Methods to Next-Generation Technologies for Enhanced Hormone Monitoring. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1666-1681. [PMID: 38551608 PMCID: PMC11059103 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The hormone cortisol, released as the end-product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, has a well-characterized circadian rhythm that enables an allostatic response to external stressors. When the pattern of secretion is disrupted, cortisol levels are chronically elevated, contributing to diseases such as heart attacks, strokes, mental health disorders, and diabetes. The diagnosis of chronic stress and stress related disorders depends upon accurate measurement of cortisol levels; currently, it is quantified using mass spectroscopy or immunoassay, in specialized laboratories with trained personnel. However, these methods are time-consuming, expensive and are unable to capture the dynamic biorhythm of the hormone. This critical review traces the path of cortisol detection from traditional laboratory-based methods to decentralised cortisol monitoring biosensors. A complete picture of cortisol biology and pathophysiology is provided, and the importance of precision medicine style monitoring of cortisol is highlighted. Antibody-based immunoassays still dominate the pipeline of development of point-of-care biosensors; new capture molecules such as aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) combined with technologies such as microfluidics, wearable electronics, and quantum dots offer improvements to limit of detection (LoD), specificity, and a shift toward rapid or continuous measurements. While a variety of different sensors and devices have been proposed, there still exists a need to produce quantitative tests for cortisol ─ using either rapid or continuous monitoring devices that can enable a personalized medicine approach to stress management. This can be addressed by synergistic combinations of technologies that can leverage low sample volumes, relevant limit of detection and rapid testing time, to better account for cortisol's shifting biorhythm. Trends in cortisol diagnostics toward rapid and continuous monitoring of hormones are highlighted, along with insights into choice of sample matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visesh Vignesh
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Bioengineering and Biomedical
Technologies (CBio) University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.
| | - Bernardo Castro-Dominguez
- Department
of Chemical and Engineering and Digital Manufacturing and Design University
of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.
| | - Tony D. James
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.
| | | | - Stafford Lightman
- Translational
Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BS1 3NY Bristol, U.K.
| | - Nuno M. Reis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Bioengineering and Biomedical
Technologies (CBio) University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.
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Feng F, Fu Q, Cao F, Yuan Y, Kong R, Ji D, Liu H. A Lateral Flow Assay Based on Streptavidin-biotin Amplification System with Recombinase Polymerase Amplification for Rapid and Quantitative Detection of Salmonella enteritidis. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300575. [PMID: 37963820 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella constitutes a prevalent alimentary pathogen, instigating zoonotic afflictions. Consequently, the prompt discernment of Salmonella in sustenance is of cardinal significance. Lateral flow assays utilizing colorimetric methodologies adequately fulfill the prerequisites of point-of-care diagnostics, however, their detection threshold remains elevated, generally permitting only qualitative discernment, an impediment to the preliminary screening of nascent pathogens. In response to this conundrum, we propose a lateral flow diagnostic predicated upon a streptavidin-biotin amplification system with recombinase polymerase amplification engineered for the expeditious and quantitative discernment of Salmonella enteritidis. Trace nucleic acids within a sample undergo exponential amplification via recombinase polymerase amplification to a level discernable, constituting the initial signal amplification. Subsequently, along the test line (T-line) of the lateral flow strip, the chromatic signal undergoes augmentation by securing a greater quantity of AuNPs through the magnification capacity of the streptavidin-biotin mechanism, affecting the second signal amplification. Quantitative results are procured via smartphone capture and transferred to computer software for precise calculation of the targeted quantity. The lateral flow strip exhibits a LOD at 19.41 CFU/mL for cultured S. enteritidis. The RSD of three varying concentrations were respectively 3.74 %, 5.96 %, and 4.25 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Feng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Fengrong Cao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Yun Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Ruixue Kong
- Department of Nursing, Shandong Medical College, No 5460 Erhuanan Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250002, China
| | - Dandan Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in, Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research(iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, China
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Panferov VG, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. Post-Assay Chemical Enhancement for Highly Sensitive Lateral Flow Immunoassays: A Critical Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:866. [PMID: 37754100 PMCID: PMC10526817 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) has found a broad application for testing in point-of-care (POC) settings. LFIA is performed using test strips-fully integrated multimembrane assemblies containing all reagents for assay performance. Migration of liquid sample along the test strip initiates the formation of labeled immunocomplexes, which are detected visually or instrumentally. The tradeoff of LFIA's rapidity and user-friendliness is its relatively low sensitivity (high limit of detection), which restricts its applicability for detecting low-abundant targets. An increase in LFIA's sensitivity has attracted many efforts and is often considered one of the primary directions in developing immunochemical POC assays. Post-assay enhancements based on chemical reactions facilitate high sensitivity. In this critical review, we explain the performance of post-assay chemical enhancements, discuss their advantages, limitations, compared limit of detection (LOD) improvements, and required time for the enhancement procedures. We raise concerns about the performance of enhanced LFIA and discuss the bottlenecks in the existing experiments. Finally, we suggest the experimental workflow for step-by-step development and validation of enhanced LFIA. This review summarizes the state-of-art of LFIA with chemical enhancement, offers ways to overcome existing limitations, and discusses future outlooks for highly sensitive testing in POC conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily G. Panferov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.P.); (A.V.Z.)
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Anatoly V. Zherdev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.P.); (A.V.Z.)
| | - Boris B. Dzantiev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.P.); (A.V.Z.)
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Iqbal T, Elahi A, Wijns W, Shahzad A. Cortisol detection methods for stress monitoring in connected health. HEALTH SCIENCES REVIEW 2023; 6:100079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hsr.2023.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Scarsi A, Pedone D, Pompa PP. A dual-color plasmonic immunosensor for salivary cortisol measurement. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:329-336. [PMID: 36756275 PMCID: PMC9846440 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00563h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lifestyle-related disorders are a public health problem worldwide and their early diagnosis represents the key to successful therapies. In this framework, rapid point-of-care (POC) tests are one of the most promising diagnostic techniques. In particular, the use of saliva is raising increasing interest as a noninvasive biological fluid in POC systems, although the low concentration of salivary biomarkers typically requires strong advances to improve the device sensitivity. In this study, the plasmonic properties of two differently shaped gold nanoparticles (i.e., nanospheres and nanostars) were combined to develop an efficient paper-based immunosensor for the naked-eye evaluation of salivary cortisol, known as one of the main stress-related biomarkers. Notably, the dual-color system facilitated an immediate and easy evaluation of cortisol levels, based on a blue-to-pink color change of the detection zone. Furthermore, the implemented strategy showed potential applicability as a rapid and portable monitoring system, allowing discriminating different target concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Scarsi
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Via Morego, 30 Genova 16163 Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa Via Dodecaneso, 31 Genova 16146 Italy
| | - Deborah Pedone
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Via Morego, 30 Genova 16163 Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Via Morego, 30 Genova 16163 Italy
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Kim K, Son T, Hong JS, Kwak TJ, Jeong MH, Weissleder R, Im H. Physisorption of Affinity Ligands Facilitates Extracellular Vesicle Detection with Low Non-Specific Binding to Plasmonic Gold Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:10.1021/acsami.2c07317. [PMID: 35653580 PMCID: PMC9715849 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic biosensors are increasingly being used for the analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) originating from disease areas. However, the high non-specific binding of EVs to a gold-sensing surface has been a critical problem and hindered the true translational potential. Here, we report that direct antibody immobilization on the plasmonic gold surface via physisorption shows excellent capture of cancer-derived EVs with ultralow non-specific binding even at very high concentrations. Contrary to commonly used methods that involve thiol-based linker attachment and an EDC/sulfo-NHS reaction, we show a higher specific capture rate and >50-fold lower non-specific on citrate-capped plain and nanopatterned gold surfaces. The method provides a simple, fast, and reproducible means to functionalize plasmonic gold surfaces with antibodies for robust EV biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihyeun Kim
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Taehwang Son
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jae-Sang Hong
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tae Joon Kwak
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mi Ho Jeong
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hyungsoon Im
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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