The effect of pupil transmittance on axial resolution of reflection phase microscopy

Three-dimensional imaging in reflection phase microscopy with minimal axial scanning

Reflection phase microscopy is a valuable tool for acquiring three-dimensional (3D) images of objects due to its capability of optical sectioning. The conventional method of constructing a 3D map is capturing 2D images at each depth with a mechanical scanning finer than the optical sectioning. This not only compromises sample stability but also slows down the acquisition process, imposing limitations on its practical applications. In this study, we utilized a reflection phase microscope to acquire 2D images at depth locations significantly spaced apart, far beyond the range of optical sectioning. By employing a numerical propagation, we successfully filled the information gap between the acquisition layers, and then constructed complete 3D maps of objects with substantially reduced number of axial scans. Our experimental results also demonstrated the effectiveness of this approach in enhancing imaging speed while maintaining the accuracy of the reconstructed 3D structures. This technique has the potential to improve the applicability of reflection phase microscopy in diverse fields such as bioimaging and material science.