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Krogstad KC, Fehn JF, Mamedova LK, Bernard MP, Bradford BJ. Effects of rumen-protected niacin on inflammatory response to repeated intramammary lipopolysaccharide challenges. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00927-5. [PMID: 38876216 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Nutritional strategies that improve an animal's resilience to various challenges may improve animal health and welfare. One such nutrient is niacin which has reduced inflammation in mice, humans, and swine; however, niacin's anti-inflammatory effects have not been investigated in cattle. Our objective was to determine whether rumen-protected niacin (RPN) alters lactating dairy cows' inflammatory response to intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenges, whether RPN resulted in any carry-over effects, and whether repeated LPS challenges result in signs of immune tolerance or innate immune training. Twenty healthy, late-lactation Holstein cows (232 ± 65 d in milk; 39 ± 5.8 kg/d of milk) were enrolled in a randomized complete block experiment which lasted 70 d. Cows received 26 g/d of RPN or no top-dress (CON) for the first 42 d of the experiment. During the final milking of d 27 and 55, cows were challenged in their rear-right mammary gland (RR) with 100 µg of LPS suspended in 5 mL of phosphate buffered saline. Milk yield, milk conductivity, and feed intake were measured daily. Milk composition was measured on d 14, 23, 24, 30, 37, 45, and 52. Blood samples were collected at 0, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h after each LPS challenge, whereas RR quarter milk samples were collected at 0, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h after each LPS challenge. Body temperature was measured continuously during each challenge with an intravaginal thermometer. Linear mixed models with repeated measures were used to analyze the results. Before LPS challenge, RPN did not affect feed intake or milk production, but it reduced SCS (1.24 ± 0.41 vs. 0.05 ± 0.45). After challenge, RPN did not affect feed intake, milk production, milk composition, SCS, body temperature, plasma glucose, or plasma insulin concentrations. Our results suggest RPN reduced peak plasma haptoglobin and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) during the 1st LPS challenge. Plasma haptoglobin tended to be less after the 2nd challenge for cows previously supplemented RPN while LBP was similar for each treatment group after the 2nd challenge. The 2nd LPS challenge resulted in decreased plasma haptoglobin compared with the 1st LPS challenge, suggestive of tolerance but it also induced a greater peak SCS than the 1st LPS challenge. Our results suggest that repeated LPS challenges promote a systemic tolerance but heightened local response to LPS-induced mastitis. Feeding RPN reduced SCS before challenge and reduced plasma acute phase proteins after challenge suggesting that RPN may reduce systemic inflammation without altering the local inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Krogstad
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691 USA.
| | - J F Fehn
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - L K Mamedova
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - M P Bernard
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824 USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
| | - B J Bradford
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Physiological Aspects of Milk Somatic Cell Count in Small Ruminants—A Review. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to focus on the physiological aspects of milk somatic cell count (SCC) in small ruminants (SM). The SCC is an important component naturally present in milk and is generally used as an indicator of milk quality and udder health in milk producing ruminants. SCC contains the following cells: polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), macrophages, lymphocytes, and many milk epithelial (MEC) cells, cell fragments, and cytoplasmic particles/vesicles. PMN (40–80%) represent the major cell type in milk in healthy uninfected goats, whereas the macrophages (45–88%) are the major cell type in sheep’s milk. However, dairy goats and sheep have an apocrine secretory system that produces cytoplasmic cellular particles/vesicles and large numbers of cell fragments, resulting in the physiological SCC limit being exceeded. It is obvious that the SCC level in milk of SM can be affected by various influencing factors, such as milk fraction, breed, stage of lactation, parity, type of birth, milking system, and others. An increase in the SCC above the physiological level not only indicates an udder or general health problem but reduces milk production, changes the milk composition, and hence affects milk processing. Moreover, the milking machine plays an important role in maintaining udder health in SM and stable SCC at physiological levels in the milk obtained. So far, there are no healthy or pathological physiological SCC levels defined in SM milk. Furthermore, a differential cell count (DCC) or even a high resolution DCC (HRDCC), which were recently developed for cattle milk, could also help in SM to gain deeper insight into the immunology of the mammary gland and find biomarkers to assess udder health. In conclusion, SCC is an indication of udder health or exposure of the udder to infectious agents or mechanical stress and should therefore always be considered a warning sign.
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Matsumoto H, Fujita Y, Onizawa M, Saito K, Sumichika Y, Yoshida S, Temmoku J, Matsuoka N, Yashiro-Furuya M, Asano T, Sato S, Suzuki E, Machida T, Watanabe H, Migita K. Increased CEACAM1 expression on peripheral blood neutrophils in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978435. [PMID: 36591283 PMCID: PMC9794574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered expression of adhesion molecules in immune cells has been demonstrated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Carcinoembryonic-antigen-related cell-adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is an adhesion molecule that acts as a coinhibitory receptor in the immune system. We investigated the role of CEACAM1 in immune cell subsets of patients with RA. Peripheral blood was obtained from 37 patients with RA and 20 healthy controls (HC). The expression of CEACAM1 and T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain molecule (TIM) -3 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and neutrophils was analyzed by flow cytometry. Intracellular TIM-3 expression was analyzed using cellular lysates by Western blot analysis. Serum levels of soluble CEACAM1 (sCEACAM1) were estimated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CEACAM1 expression was not detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, including in CD14(+) monocytes and CD3(+) lymphocytes isolated from patients with RA or HC. However, substantial cell-surface expression of CEACAM1 was detected in peripheral blood neutrophils, and it was significantly elevated in samples from patients with RA without remission compared to those in remission. There was no significant difference in serum levels of sCEACAM1 between patients with RA and HC. Cell-surface expression of TIM-3 was not detected in peripheral blood neutrophils from patients with RA or HC but was seen in CD14(+) monocytes. However, there was no significant difference in TIM-3 expression on monocytes between patients with RA and HC. Our data indicate that cell-surface expression of CEACAM1 on peripheral blood neutrophils are higher in patients with RA and that it is associated with rheumatoid inflammation. Further studies are needed to explore the potential role of CEACAM1 in rheumatoid inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Matsumoto
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuya Fujita
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Michio Onizawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kenji Saito
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuya Sumichika
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yoshida
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Jumpei Temmoku
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsuoka
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Makiko Yashiro-Furuya
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Asano
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shuzo Sato
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Eiji Suzuki
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Machida
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Migita
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan,*Correspondence: Kiyoshi Migita,
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Zhou W, Li X, Su W, Zheng H, An G, Li Z, Li S. A Study on the Uniform Distribution and Counting Method of Raw Cow's Milk Somatic Cells. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2173. [PMID: 36557474 PMCID: PMC9784796 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The somatic cell count (SCC) in raw milk is an important basis for determining whether a cow is suffering from mastitis. To address the problem of an uneven distribution of somatic cells due to cell-adherent sedimentation, among other reasons, during milk sampling, which in turn results in unrepresentative somatic cell counting, a method is proposed for obtaining a uniform distribution of somatic cells and improving the counting accuracy based on a nine-cell grid microfluidic chip. Firstly, a simulation was performed to verify the uniformity of the somatic cell distribution within the chip observation cavities. Secondly, a nine-cell grid microfluidic chip was prepared and a negative-pressure injection system integrating staining and stirring was developed to ensure that the somatic cells were uniformly distributed and free from air contamination during the injection process. As well as the structure of the chip, a microscopic imaging system was developed, and the nine chip observation cavities were photographed. Finally, the somatic cells were counted and the uniformity of the somatic cell distribution was verified using image processing. The experimental results show that the standard deviation coefficient of the SCC in each group of nine images was less than 1.61%. The automatic counting accuracy of the system was between 97.07% and 99.47%. This research method lays the foundation for the detection and prevention of mastitis in cows.
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Farschtschi S, Riedmaier-Sprenzel I, Phomvisith O, Gotoh T, Pfaffl MW. The successful use of -omic technologies to achieve the 'One Health' concept in meat producing animals. Meat Sci 2022; 193:108949. [PMID: 36029570 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human health and wellbeing are closely linked to healthy domestic animals, a vital wildlife, and an intact ecosystem. This holistic concept is referred to as 'One Health'. In this review, we provide an overview of the potential and the challenges for the use of modern -omics technologies, especially transcriptomics and proteomics, to implement the 'One Health' idea for food-producing animals. These high-throughput studies offer opportunities to find new potential molecular biomarkers to monitor animal health, detect pharmacological interventions and evaluate the wellbeing of farm animals in modern intensive livestock systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Farschtschi
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Irmgard Riedmaier-Sprenzel
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; Eurofins Medigenomix Forensik GmbH, Anzinger Straße 7a, 85560 Ebersberg, Germany
| | - Ouanh Phomvisith
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Takafumi Gotoh
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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Advantages and Challenges of Differential Immune Cell Count Determination in Blood and Milk for Monitoring the Health and Well-Being of Dairy Cows. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060255. [PMID: 35737307 PMCID: PMC9229168 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A key challenge of the 21st century will be to provide the growing world population with a sustainable and secure supply of food. Consequently, the dairy farming’s primary task is to lower milk losses and other inefficiencies associated with diseased cows. Moreover, a shift from curative to preventive health management would be desirable for mastitis and a wide variety of other infectious and non-infectious cattle diseases, some of which are known to have profound negative effects on the performance and well-being of cows. Differential cell counting (DCC), a procedure that aims to determine the proportions of different somatic cell types in raw milk samples, has not only the potential to optimize mastitis diagnostics, but it could furthermore serve as a diagnostic tool for monitoring the general and overall health status of dairy cows. Based on a broad search of the literature, the practical utility of various types of DCC is summarized and discussed in this review. Since it might be of advantage to interpret DCC with the aid of data from studies in humans, differences between the immune systems of humans and dairy cattle, with a special focus on surface marker expression profiles and γδ (gamma delta) T-cell characteristics, are also described.
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Using High-Resolution Differential Cell Counts (HRDCCs) in Bovine Milk and Blood to Monitor the Immune Status over the Entire Lactation Period. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111339. [PMID: 35681803 PMCID: PMC9179238 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential cell counts in milk offer a deeper insight into the immunology of the mammary gland and might even provide information about the systemic health status of a dairy cow. Consequently, their potential as a diagnostic method to identify biomarkers has been a subject of research for quite some time. The objective of our study was to closely monitor the immune status of eight healthy dairy cows throughout their whole lactation. For this, high-resolution differential cell counts in milk and blood were determined by means of flow cytometry, which included 10 subpopulations of the 3 main populations of immune cells and their viability. Milk and blood samples were taken twice a week in the first 100 days after calving and once a week during the remaining lactation period: in total, 55 (52–57) blood and 55 (52–57) milk samples per animal. In addition, six well-established routine laboratory biomarkers, i.e., haptoglobin, calcium, and different metabolic parameters (non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyric acid, bilirubin, and glutamate dehydrogenase), were analyzed in all blood samples. Furthermore, a standard differential blood cell count was performed on all blood samples. We found substantial differences between cell count progressions in the blood and milk. The distribution of cell populations in the blood remained mostly stable throughout the lactation, albeit at different individual levels. Several cell populations in the milk showed a noticeable dynamic over time, which caused a separation of different lactation stages in clustering analyses. Gamma delta T cells and CD4+ T cells in the milk stood out as they showed characteristic fluctuations during the course of lactation as well as minor changes in the case of inflammation. The determination of a differential cell count has the potential to be a sensitive diagnostic and prognostic tool in bovine milk. Further studies need to show to what extent the method is suitable for routine diagnostics and how to deal with animal-specific differences.
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Casaro S, Marrero M, Madrid D, Prim J, Nelson C, Galvão K, Laporta J, Driver J. Flow cytometry panels for immunophenotyping dairy cattle peripheral blood leukocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 248:110417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hussen J, Shawaf T, Alhojaily SM. The Impact of Anticoagulation Agent on the Composition and Phenotype of Blood Leukocytes in Dromedary Camels. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020078. [PMID: 35202331 PMCID: PMC8878879 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For the analysis of several cellular biomarkers, blood samples are anticoagulated using different agents with different modes of action. However, for the most commonly used anticoagulants, EDTA and heparin, varying effects on blood components have been reported in different species. As little is known about the impact of anticoagulants on the immunological evaluation of camel leukocytes, the present study analyzed the leukogram, the immunophenotype, and the cell vitality of camel leukocytes separated from blood samples anticoagulated with EDTA or lithium heparin. Using flow cytometry and staining with monoclonal antibodies to several cell surface markers, the composition and immunophenotype of camel leukocytes separated from blood anticoagulated with EDTA or heparin were analyzed. In comparison to EDTA-anticoagulated blood, using lithium heparin as an anticoagulant resulted in reduced numbers of total leukocytes and reduced numbers of neutrophils, which led to a reduced neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio. The analysis of cell necrosis and apoptosis after the staining of leukocytes with the DNA-sensitive dye propidium iodide and the mitochondrial membrane potential probe JC1 revealed a higher fraction of necrotic neutrophils and higher fractions of apoptotic neutrophils and monocytes in heparin blood than in EDTA blood. In addition, monocytes from heparin blood showed higher expression levels of the cell surface markers CD14, CD163, and MHCII when compared to cells from EDTA blood. Similarly, in heparin blood, CD44 and CD172a were expressed higher on neutrophils, while CD11a was expressed higher on lymphocytes in comparison to cells from EDTA blood. The results of the current study indicate the importance of considering the type of anticoagulant when investigating the composition, vitality, and immunophenotype of camel leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-135896626
| | - Turke Shawaf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sameer M. Alhojaily
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Agricultural and Veterinary Training and Research Station, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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