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Ugya AY, Chen H, Wang Q. Microalgae biofilm system as an efficient tool for wastewater remediation and potential bioresources for pharmaceutical product production: an overview. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 26:131-142. [PMID: 37382505 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2229920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The role of microalgae in wastewater remediation and metabolite production has been well documented, but the limitations of microalgae harvesting and low biomass production call for a more sustainable method of microalgae utilization. The current review gives an insight on how microalgae biofilms can be utilized as a more efficient system for wastewater remediation and as potential source of metabolite for pharmaceutical product production. The review affirms that the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) is the vital component of the microalgae biofilm because it influences the spatial organization of the organisms forming microalgae biofilm. The EPS is also responsible for the ease interaction between organisms forming microalgae biofilm. This review restate the crucial role play by EPS in the removal of heavy metals from water to be due to the presence of binding sites on its surface. This review also attribute the ability of microalgae biofilm to bio-transform organic pollutant to be dependent on enzymatic activities and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The review assert that during the treatment of wastewater, the wastewater pollutants induce oxidative stress on microalgae biofilms. The response of the microalgae biofilm toward counteracting the stress induced by ROS leads to production of metabolites. These metabolites are important tools that can be harness for the production of pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamu Yunusa Ugya
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Environmental Management, Kaduna State University, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Garcia-Ruiz D, Villalobos-Sánchez E, Alam-Escamilla D, Elizondo-Quiroga D. In vitro inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Infection by dry algae powders. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17101. [PMID: 36224327 PMCID: PMC9555251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorella spp., Spirulina spp., and fucoidan dry powders, are commercialized as food supplements and are considered safe for human consumption. Their broad-spectrum antiviral properties have been studied, however, their effect against SARS-CoV-2 remains unknown. We investigated the potential antiviral activity of three algae powders: Chlorella vulgaris, Arthrospira maxima (Spirulina) and fucoidan purified from marine brown algae Sargassum spp. against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Vero cells were incubated with 70 μg/ml of each algae powder and either 50 or 100 TCID50/ml of SARS-CoV-2, in two types of experiments (pretreatment and simultaneous) and comparing two kinds of solvents (DMEM and DMSO). Chlorella vulgaris powder, inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in all assays; viral RNA was significantly reduced in supernatants at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post-infection, the highest difference in viral load (8000-fold) was observed after 96 h. Arthrospira maxima powder inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection using 50 TCID50/ml for both experimental schemes, but protection percent was lower when viral inoculum was increase to 100 TCID50/ml; viral RNA decreased 48 h after infection, reaching a 250-fold difference at 72 h. Fucoidan powder partially inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection since no CPE was observed in 62.5% of trated cultures in DMEM, but the antiviral activity was increased to 100% of protection when DMSO was used as solvent. All the algae samples showed high antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 with a SI above of 18. These results suggest that all three algae samples are potential therapeutic candidates for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garcia-Ruiz
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Unit, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco (CIATEJ), Av. Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Erendira Villalobos-Sánchez
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Unit, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco (CIATEJ), Av. Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - David Alam-Escamilla
- CREAMOS MAS S.A. DE C.V, Calle Monte Albán No. 965. Colonia. Independencia Oriente, C.P. 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Darwin Elizondo-Quiroga
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Unit, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco (CIATEJ), Av. Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
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Jung SH, Zell N, Boßle F, Teipel U, Rauh C, McHardy C, Lindenberger C. Influence of Process Operation on the Production of Exopolysaccharides in Arthrospira platensis and Chlamydomonas asymmetrica. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.883069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular polysaccharides, or exopolysaccharides are high–molecular weight sugar-based polymers expressed and secreted by many microorganisms. As host organisms, the functions of exopolysaccharides are diverse, ranging from physical protection via biofilm formation, adhesion, and water retention to biological functions that are not entirely understood such as viral attachment inhibition. Industrial applications of exopolysaccharides can be found in food texture modification; for example, utilizing the hydrocolloidal properties of exopolysaccharides for thickening and gelling purposes to improve food quality and texture. Over the last decade, biologically active exopolysaccharides produced by microalgae have received attention for their potential as antiviral, antibacterial and antioxidative compounds and in the applications. However, relatively low yield and productivity are the limiting factors for full-scale industrial application. In this study, the well-known prokaryotic phototrophic microorganism Arthrospira platensis and the comparatively unknown eukaryotic unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas asymmetrica were used to evaluate the influence of different process parameters on exopolysaccharides formation and productivity. In addition to the essential control variables (light and temperature), the influence of operational techniques (batch and turbidostat) were also investigated. Although the two studied algae are differently affected by above parameters. The light intensity was the most influential parameter observed in the study, leading to differences in exopolysaccharides concentrations by a factor of 10, with the highest measured concentration for A. platensis of cEPS = 0.138 g L−1 at 180 μmol m−2 s−1 and for C. asymmetrica of cEPS = 1.2 g L−1 at 1,429 μmol m−2 s−1. In continuous systems, the achieved exopolysaccharides concentrations were low compared to batch process, however, slightly higher productivities were reached. Regardless of all screened process parameters, C. asymmetrica is the better organism in terms of exopolysaccharides concentrations and productivity.
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Wang WN, Li T, Li Y, Zhang Y, Wu HL, Xiang WZ, Li AF. Exopolysaccharides from the Energy Microalga Strain Botryococcus braunii: Purification, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity. Foods 2022; 11:foods11010110. [PMID: 35010236 PMCID: PMC8750022 DOI: 10.3390/foods11010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Botryococcus braunii, a prestigious energy microalga, has recently received widespread attention because it can secrete large amounts of exopolysaccharides (EPS) with potential applications in food, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals. Unfortunately, the insufficiency of research on the bioactivity and structure–activity relationship of B. braunii EPS has impeded the downstream applications. In the present study, alcohol precipitation, deproteinization, and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography were used to extract and purify B. braunii SCS-1905 EPS. It was found that B. braunii SCS-1905 EPS were high-molecular-weight heteropolysaccharides containing uronic acid (7.43–8.83%), protein (2.30–4.04%), and sulfate groups (1.52–1.95%). Additionally, the EPS primarily comprised galactose (52.34–54.12%), glucose (34.60–35.53%), arabinose (9.41–10.32%), and minor amounts of fucose (1.80–1.99%), with the presence of a pyranose ring linked by a β-configurational glycosidic bond. Notably, the antioxidant activity of crude exopolysaccharides (CEPS) was stronger, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for ABTS and hydroxyl radicals was significantly lower than that of deproteinized exopolysaccharides (DEPS). Overall, this study indicated a potential application of B. braunii SCS-1905 EPS as a natural antioxidant. In summary, B. braunii EPS could be used as a potential feedstock for the production of antioxidant health foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Nan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (W.-N.W.); (T.L.); (H.-L.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (W.-N.W.); (T.L.); (H.-L.W.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Yi Li
- Engineering Research Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hua-Lian Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (W.-N.W.); (T.L.); (H.-L.W.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Wen-Zhou Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (W.-N.W.); (T.L.); (H.-L.W.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Correspondence: (W.-Z.X.); (A.-F.L.); Tel.: +86-20-89023223 (W.-Z.X.); +86-20-85224366 (A.-F.L.)
| | - Ai-Fen Li
- Engineering Research Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (W.-Z.X.); (A.-F.L.); Tel.: +86-20-89023223 (W.-Z.X.); +86-20-85224366 (A.-F.L.)
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