Metabolite and thymocyte development defects in ADA-SCID mice receiving enzyme replacement therapy

Effect of biologically active substances on hematological status of cows

Industry development has a technogenic impact on the environment, thereby posing a threat to health and welfare of farm animals. As a result, toxic substances accumulate in soil, water, feed, and have a long period of decomposition. At the same time, changes in the metabolic profile occur in animals, leading to a decrease in their resistance to viral and bacterial infections. The search for new means and methods to stop the development of pathological conditions and create conditions for the resistance of cows to technogenic stress seems to be relevant. In this regard, the purpose was to study the effect of аminoseleferon-B on hematological parameters and protein metabolism of cows with immune deficiency under technogenic load caused by the chemical industry producing mineral fertilizers in Voronezh region. During monitoring soil and water bodies near this object, an excess of the maximum permissible concentrations for heavy metal content was established. The studies were carried out in industrial livestock complex on 20 highly productive dairy cows with a secondary immunodeficiency state, located in the zone of exposure to chemical emissions into the atmosphere. Control and experimental groups of animals were formed. Experimental cows were injected with аminoseleferon-B. It was revealed that the presence of cows in conditions of technogenic impact on the environment leads to decrease in total protein, change in blood fractional composition, which negatively affects physiological processes in the body. Insufficient levels of and -globulin fractions in cow blood indicate inhibition of natural resistance factors. A negative reaction of animal organism associated with exposure to toxins is indicated by significant increase in the level of -globulins in blood. It was found that аminoseleferon-B had a corrective effect on blood morphological parameters and protein metabolism, significantly increasing number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, monocytes, total protein, -globulins, -globulins and reducing content of neutrophils, eosinophils, -globulins to normal levels. Thus, аminoseleferon-B contributed to increase in natural resistance, adaptation to adverse environmental factors and stimulation of metabolic processes in cows.

Distinct Roles of Adenosine Deaminase Isoenzymes ADA1 and ADA2: A Pan-Cancer Analysis

Objective

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) plays an important role in immune response, which includes two isoenzymes: ADA1 and ADA2. This study aims to explore the roles of ADA1 and ADA2 in cancers.

Methods

Human Protein Atlas (HPA) and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA2) databases were used to analyze the mRNA expression of ADA1 and ADA2 in human normal cells and tumor tissues. The enzyme assay was used to detect the ADA1 and ADA2 activities in serum from cancer patients. The Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter was used to analyze the prognostic value of ADA1 and ADA2. TIMER2.0 was used to explore how ADA1 and ADA2 correlate with immune infiltration and immune checkpoints. cBioPortal database was used to investigate the mutations of ADA1 and ADA2. LinkedOmics was used to screen the ADA1 and ADA2 expression-related genes.

Results

ADA1 was significantly increased in several tumor tissues, including cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL), lymphoid neoplasm diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBC), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD), thymoma (THYM), and uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS). ADA2 expression was significantly increased in esophageal carcinoma (ESCA), glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), acute myeloid leukemia (LAML), OV, PAAD, skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), and stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). There were no significant changes in serum ADA1 activities in most cancers, while serum ADA2 activities were increased in most cancers. For prognosis, high ADA1 expression was associated with the poor survival in several cancers, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), HNSC, KIRC, kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC). However, high ADA2 expression showed a favorable prognosis in breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), HNSC, KIRC, KIRP, LUAD, OV, PAAD, sarcoma, and THYM. ADA1 showed a moderate positive correlation with multiple infiltrating immune cells in most cancers. ADA2 was positively correlated with B cells, CD8 T cells, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) and was strongly negatively correlated with myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Function analysis showed that ADA1 expression-related genes were mainly enriched in cell division biological progression. However, ADA2-related genes were mainly associated with immune response.

Conclusion

As isoenzymes, ADA1 and ADA2 showed opposite prognostic values and different correlative patterns with immune infiltrating. These data demonstrated the distinct roles of ADA1 and ADA2 in cancer. ADA2 might act as a protective factor in cancer.