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Liu Q, Li S, Mao M, Gui X, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Yu L, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Serum-volatile organic compounds in the diagnostics of esophageal cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17722. [PMID: 39085271 PMCID: PMC11291479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The early diagnosis of esophageal cancer (EC) is extremely challenging due to a lack of effective diagnostic methods. The study presented herein aims to assess whether serum volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could be utilised as emerging diagnostic biomarkers for EC. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) was used to detect VOCs in the serum samples of 55 patients with EC, with samples from 84 healthy controls (HCs) patients analysed as a comparison. All machine learning analyses were based on data from serum VOCs obtained by GC-IMS. A total of 33 substance peak heights were detected in all patient serum samples. The ROC analysis revealed that four machine learning models were effective in facilitating the diagnosis of EC. In addition, the random forests model for 5 VOCs had an AUC of 0.951, with sensitivities and specificities of 94.1 and 96.0%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Biomarker and Artificial Intelligence Application, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shuhai Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Mai Mao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Biomarker and Artificial Intelligence Application, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xinru Gui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Biomarker and Artificial Intelligence Application, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250031, Shandong, China.
| | - Yuxiao Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Biomarker and Artificial Intelligence Application, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Longchen Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Biomarker and Artificial Intelligence Application, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Biomarker and Artificial Intelligence Application, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Biomarker and Artificial Intelligence Application, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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Gallos IK, Tryfonopoulos D, Shani G, Amditis A, Haick H, Dionysiou DD. Advancing Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis with AI-Powered Breathomics: Navigating Challenges and Future Directions. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3673. [PMID: 38132257 PMCID: PMC10743128 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13243673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection of colorectal cancer is crucial for improving outcomes and reducing mortality. While there is strong evidence of effectiveness, currently adopted screening methods present several shortcomings which negatively impact the detection of early stage carcinogenesis, including low uptake due to patient discomfort. As a result, developing novel, non-invasive alternatives is an important research priority. Recent advancements in the field of breathomics, the study of breath composition and analysis, have paved the way for new avenues for non-invasive cancer detection and effective monitoring. Harnessing the utility of Volatile Organic Compounds in exhaled breath, breathomics has the potential to disrupt colorectal cancer screening practices. Our goal is to outline key research efforts in this area focusing on machine learning methods used for the analysis of breathomics data, highlight challenges involved in artificial intelligence application in this context, and suggest possible future directions which are currently considered within the framework of the European project ONCOSCREEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis K. Gallos
- Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Dimitrios Tryfonopoulos
- Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Gidi Shani
- Laboratory for Nanomaterial-Based Devices, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (G.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Angelos Amditis
- Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Hossam Haick
- Laboratory for Nanomaterial-Based Devices, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (G.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Dimitra D. Dionysiou
- Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (A.A.)
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Ain Nazir NU, Shaukat MH, Luo R, Abbas SR. Novel breath biomarkers identification for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis using ML tools and GCMS. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287465. [PMID: 37967076 PMCID: PMC10651033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
According to WHO 2019, Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth highest cause of cancer death worldwide. More precise diagnostic models are needed to enhance early HCC and cirrhosis quick diagnosis, treatment, and survival. Breath biomarkers known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled air can be used to make rapid, precise, and painless diagnoses. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GCMS) are utilized to diagnose HCC and cirrhosis VOCs. In this investigation, metabolically generated VOCs in breath samples (n = 35) of HCC, (n = 35) cirrhotic, and (n = 30) controls were detected via GCMS and SPME. Moreover, this study also aims to identify diagnostic VOCs for distinction among HCC and cirrhosis liver conditions, which are most closely related, and cause misleading during diagnosis. However, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to quantify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is time-consuming and error-prone since it requires an expert. To verify GC-MS data analysis, we present an in-house R-based array of machine learning models that applies deep learning pattern recognition to automatically discover VOCs from raw data, without human intervention. All-machine learning diagnostic model offers 80% sensitivity, 90% specificity, and 95% accuracy, with an AUC of 0.9586. Our results demonstrated the validity and utility of GCMS-SMPE in combination with innovative ML models for early detection of HCC and cirrhosis-specific VOCs considered as potential diagnostic breath biomarkers and showed differentiation among HCC and cirrhosis. With these useful insights, we can build handheld e-nose sensors to detect HCC and cirrhosis through breath analysis and this unique approach can help in diagnosis by reducing integration time and costs without compromising accuracy or consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor ul Ain Nazir
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Ray Luo
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, the University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Shah Rukh Abbas
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
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Philipp TM, Scheller AS, Krafczyk N, Klotz LO, Steinbrenner H. Methanethiol: A Scent Mark of Dysregulated Sulfur Metabolism in Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1780. [PMID: 37760083 PMCID: PMC10525899 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to cope with increased demands for energy and metabolites as well as to enhance stress resilience, tumor cells develop various metabolic adaptations, representing a hallmark of cancer. In this regard, the dysregulation of sulfur metabolism that may result in elevated levels of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in body fluids, breath, and/or excretions of cancer patients has recently gained attention. Besides hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methanethiol is the predominant cancer-associated VSC and has been proposed as a promising biomarker for non-invasive cancer diagnosis. Gut bacteria are the major exogenous source of exposure to this foul-smelling toxic gas, with methanethiol-producing strains such as Fusobacterium nucleatum highly abundant in the gut microbiome of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients. Physiologically, methanethiol becomes rapidly degraded through the methanethiol oxidase (MTO) activity of selenium-binding protein 1 (SELENBP1). However, SELENBP1, which is considered a tumor suppressor, is often downregulated in tumor tissues, and this has been epidemiologically linked to poor clinical outcomes. In addition to impaired removal, an increase in methanethiol levels may derive from non-enzymatic reactions, such as a Maillard reaction between glucose and methionine, two metabolites enriched in cancer cells. High methionine concentrations in cancer cells may also result in enzymatic methanethiol production in mitochondria. Moreover, enzymatic endogenous methanethiol production may occur through methyltransferase-like protein 7B (METTL7B), which is present at elevated levels in some cancers, including CRC and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In conclusion, methanethiol contributes to the scent of cancer as part of the cancer-associated signature combination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are increasingly being exploited for non-invasive early cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Holger Steinbrenner
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Nutrigenomics Section, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany; (T.M.P.); (A.S.S.); (N.K.); (L.-O.K.)
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Mezmale L, Leja M, Lescinska AM, Pčolkins A, Kononova E, Bogdanova I, Polaka I, Stonans I, Kirsners A, Ager C, Mochalski P. Identification of Volatile Markers of Colorectal Cancer from Tumor Tissues Using Volatilomic Approach. Molecules 2023; 28:5990. [PMID: 37630241 PMCID: PMC10459111 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body releases numerous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through tissues and various body fluids, including breath. These compounds form a specific chemical profile that may be used to detect the colorectal cancer CRC-related changes in human metabolism and thereby diagnose this type of cancer. The main goal of this study was to investigate the volatile signatures formed by VOCs released from the CRC tissue. For this purpose, headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied. In total, 163 compounds were detected. Both cancerous and non-cancerous tissues emitted 138 common VOCs. Ten volatiles (2-butanone; dodecane; benzaldehyde; pyridine; octane; 2-pentanone; toluene; p-xylene; n-pentane; 2-methyl-2-propanol) occurred in at least 90% of both types of samples; 1-propanol in cancer tissue (86% in normal one), acetone in normal tissue (82% in cancer one). Four compounds (1-propanol, pyridine, isoprene, methyl thiolacetate) were found to have increased emissions from cancer tissue, whereas eleven showed reduced release from this type of tissue (2-butanone; 2-pentanone; 2-methyl-2-propanol; ethyl acetate; 3-methyl-1-butanol; d-limonene; tetradecane; dodecanal; tridecane; 2-ethyl-1-hexanol; cyclohexanone). The outcomes of this study provide evidence that the VOCs signature of the CRC tissue is altered by the CRC. The volatile constituents of this distinct signature can be emitted through exhalation and serve as potential biomarkers for identifying the presence of CRC. Reliable identification of the VOCs associated with CRC is essential to guide and tune the development of advanced sensor technologies that can effectively and sensitively detect and quantify these markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Mezmale
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia; (M.L.); (A.M.L.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (I.B.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (P.M.)
- Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Residency, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Marcis Leja
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia; (M.L.); (A.M.L.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (I.B.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (P.M.)
- Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
- Digestive Diseases Centre GASTRO, LV-1079 Riga, Latvia
| | - Anna Marija Lescinska
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia; (M.L.); (A.M.L.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (I.B.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (P.M.)
- Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
| | - Andrejs Pčolkins
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia; (M.L.); (A.M.L.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (I.B.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (P.M.)
- Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
| | - Elina Kononova
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia; (M.L.); (A.M.L.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (I.B.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (P.M.)
- Faculty of Residency, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Inga Bogdanova
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia; (M.L.); (A.M.L.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (I.B.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (P.M.)
- Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
| | - Inese Polaka
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia; (M.L.); (A.M.L.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (I.B.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Ilmars Stonans
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia; (M.L.); (A.M.L.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (I.B.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Arnis Kirsners
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia; (M.L.); (A.M.L.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (I.B.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Clemens Ager
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Dornbirn, Austria;
| | - Pawel Mochalski
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia; (M.L.); (A.M.L.); (A.P.); (E.K.); (I.B.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Dornbirn, Austria;
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, 25-369 Kielce, Poland
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Škapars R, Gašenko E, Broza YY, Sīviņš A, Poļaka I, Bogdanova I, Pčolkins A, Veliks V, Folkmanis V, Lesčinska A, Liepniece-Karele I, Haick H, Rumba-Rozenfelde I, Leja M. Breath Volatile Organic Compounds in Surveillance of Gastric Cancer Patients following Radical Surgical Management. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13101670. [PMID: 37238155 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13101670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As of today, there is a lack of a perfect non-invasive test for the surveillance of patients for potential relapse following curative treatment. Breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been demonstrated to be an accurate diagnostic tool for gastric cancer (GC) detection; here, we aimed to prove the yield of the markers in surveillance, i.e., following curative surgical management. Patients were sampled in regular intervals before and within 3 years following curative surgery for GC; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nanosensor technologies were used for the VOC assessment. GC-MS measurements revealed a single VOC (14b-Pregnane) that significantly decreased at 12 months, and three VOCs (Isochiapin B, Dotriacontane, Threitol, 2-O-octyl-) that decreased at 18 months following surgery. The nanomaterial-based sensors S9 and S14 revealed changes in the breath VOC content 9 months after surgery. Our study results confirm the cancer origin of the particular VOCs, as well as suggest the value of breath VOC testing for cancer patient surveillance, either during the treatment phase or thereafter, for potential relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberts Škapars
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Abdominal and Soft Tissue Surgery, Oncology Center of Latvia, Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
| | - Evita Gašenko
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Abdominal and Soft Tissue Surgery, Oncology Center of Latvia, Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
| | - Yoav Y Broza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russel Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Armands Sīviņš
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Abdominal and Soft Tissue Surgery, Oncology Center of Latvia, Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
| | - Inese Poļaka
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - Inga Bogdanova
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Abdominal and Soft Tissue Surgery, Oncology Center of Latvia, Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
| | - Andrejs Pčolkins
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Abdominal and Soft Tissue Surgery, Oncology Center of Latvia, Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
| | - Viktors Veliks
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - Valdis Folkmanis
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - Anna Lesčinska
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Abdominal and Soft Tissue Surgery, Oncology Center of Latvia, Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
| | - Inta Liepniece-Karele
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Abdominal and Soft Tissue Surgery, Oncology Center of Latvia, Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russel Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ingrīda Rumba-Rozenfelde
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mārcis Leja
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Abdominal and Soft Tissue Surgery, Oncology Center of Latvia, Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
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Hung RJ, Khodayari Moez E, Kim SJ, Budhathoki S, Brooks JD. Considerations of Biomarker Application for Cancer Continuum in the Era of Precision Medicine. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2022; 9:200-211. [DOI: 10.1007/s40471-022-00295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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