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Liu Y, Hong J. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Laden In Situ-Forming Hydrogel for Preventing Corneal Stromal Opacity. Cornea 2024; 43:609-626. [PMID: 38289027 PMCID: PMC10980177 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to construct a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-laden in situ-forming hydrogel and study its effects on preventing corneal stromal opacity. METHODS The native gellan gum was modified by high temperature and pressure, and the rabbit bone marrow MSCs were encapsulated before adding Ca 2+ to initiate cross-linking. The effects of the hydrogel on 3D culture and gene expression of the rabbit bone marrow MSCs were observed in vitro. Then, the MSC-hydrogel was used to repair corneal stromal injury in New Zealand white rabbits within 28 days postoperation. RESULTS The short-chain gellan gum solution has a very low viscosity (<0.1 Pa·s) that is ideal for encapsulating cells. Moreover, mRNA expressions of 3D-cultured MSCs coding for corneal stromal components (decorin, lumican, and keratocan) were upregulated (by 127.8, 165.5, and 25.4 times, respectively) ( P < 0.05) on day 21 in vitro and were verified by Western blotting results. For the in vivo study, the corneal densitometry of the experimental group was (20.73 ± 1.85) grayscale units which was lower than the other groups ( P < 0.05). The MSC-hydrogel downregulated mRNA expression coding for fibrosis markers (α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, collagen type 5-α1, and collagen type 1-α1) in the rabbit corneal stroma. Furthermore, some of the 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU)-labeled MSCs integrated into the upper corneal stroma and expressed keratocyte-specific antigens on day 28 postoperation. CONCLUSIONS The short-chain gellan gum allows MSCs to slowly release to the corneal stromal defect and prevent corneal stromal opacity. Some of the implanted MSCs can integrate into the corneal stroma and differentiate into keratocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; and
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; and
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Beijing, China
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2
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Ruan M, Wang R, He Y. Novel Drug Delivery Systems for the Management of Fungal Keratitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2024; 40:160-172. [PMID: 38394222 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2023.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a dangerous corneal infection that is common in tropical and subtropical areas. Its incidence is extremely high, and ocular trauma and contact lenses can lead to FK, but its common treatment such as using topical antifungal eye drop instillation is often less effective because of several drawbacks of the drugs typically used, including limited ocular penetration, high frequency of dosing, poor biocompatibility, and the potential for severe drug reactions. Therefore, the development of novel drug delivery devices for the treatment of FK is urgent. The urgent need for novel drug delivery devices to treat FK has led to the development of several techniques, including nanoparticles (NPs), in situ forming hydrogels, contact lenses, and microneedles (MNs). However, it is important to note that the main mechanisms differ between these techniques. NPs can transport large amounts of drugs and be taken up by cells owing to their large surface area and small size. In situ forming hydrogels can significantly extend the residence time of drugs because of their strong adhesive properties. Contact lenses, with their comfortable shape and drug-carrying capacity, can also act as drug delivery devices. MNs can create channels in the cornea, bypassing its barrier and enhancing drug bioavailability. This article will go over novel medication delivery techniques for treating FK and make a conclusion about their advantages and limitations in anticipation to serve the best option for the individual therapy of FK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Ruan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruiqing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuxi He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Trujillo S, Kasper J, de Miguel-Jiménez A, Abt B, Bauer A, Mekontso J, Pearson S, del Campo A. Cytocompatibility Evaluation of PEG-Methylsulfone Hydrogels. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32043-32052. [PMID: 37692225 PMCID: PMC10483518 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Methylsulfone derivatized poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) macromers can be biofunctionalized with thiolated ligands and cross-linked with thiol-based cross-linkers to obtain bioactive PEG hydrogels for in situ cell encapsulation. Methylsulfonyl-thiol (MS-SH) reactions present several advantages for this purpose when compared to other thiol-based cross-linking systems. They proceed with adequate and tunable kinetics for encapsulation, they reach a high conversion degree with good selectivity, and they generate stable reaction products. Our previous work demonstrated the cytocompatibility of cross-linked PEG-MS/thiol hydrogels in contact with fibroblasts. However, the cytocompatibility of the in situ MS-SH cross-linking reaction itself, which generates methylsulfinic acid as byproduct at the cross-linked site, remains to be evaluated. These studies are necessary to evaluate the potential of these systems for in vivo applications. Here we perform an extensive cytocompatibility study of PEG hydrogels during in situ cross-linking by the methylsulfonyl-thiol reaction. We compare these results with maleimide-thiol cross-linked PEGs which are well established for cell culture and in vivo experiments and do not involve the release of a byproduct. We show that fibroblasts and endothelial cells remain viable after in situ polymerization of methylsulfonyl-thiol gels on the top of the cell layers. Cell viability seems better than after in situ cross-linking hydrogels with maleimide-thiol chemistry. The endothelial cell proinflammatory phenotype is low and similar to the one obtained by the maleimide-thiol reaction. Finally, no activation of monocytes is observed. All in all, these results demonstrate that the methylsulfonyl-thiol chemistry is cytocompatible and does not trigger high pro-inflammatory responses in endothelial cells and monocytes. These results make methylsulfonyl-thiol chemistries eligible for in vivo testing and eventually clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Trujillo
- INM-Leibniz
Institute for New Materials, campus D2 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kasper
- INM-Leibniz
Institute for New Materials, campus D2 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Adrián de Miguel-Jiménez
- INM-Leibniz
Institute for New Materials, campus D2 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
- Chemistry
Department, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Britta Abt
- INM-Leibniz
Institute for New Materials, campus D2 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Alina Bauer
- INM-Leibniz
Institute for New Materials, campus D2 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Joëlle Mekontso
- INM-Leibniz
Institute for New Materials, campus D2 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
- Chemistry
Department, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Samuel Pearson
- INM-Leibniz
Institute for New Materials, campus D2 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Aránzazu del Campo
- INM-Leibniz
Institute for New Materials, campus D2 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
- Chemistry
Department, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
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4
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Wang L, Peng Y, Liu W, Ren L. Properties of Dual-Crosslinked Collagen-Based Membranes as Corneal Repair Material. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:360. [PMID: 37504855 PMCID: PMC10381311 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14070360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal disease has become the second leading cause of blindness in the world. Corneal transplantation is currently considered to be one of the common treatments for vision loss. This paper presents a novel approach utilizing dual-crosslinked membranes composed of polyrotaxane multiple aldehydes (PRAs), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) in the development process. Collagen was crosslinked, respectively, by EDC/NHS and PRAs to form stable amide bonds and imine groups. Through the formation of a double interpenetrating network, dual-crosslinked (Col-EDC-PRA) membranes exhibited enhanced resistance to collagenase degradation and superior mechanical properties compared to membranes crosslinked with a single crosslinker. Furthermore, Col-EDC-PRA membranes display favorable light transmittance and water content characteristics. Cell experiments showed that Col-EDC-PRA membranes were noncytotoxic and were not significantly different from other membranes. In a rabbit keratoplasty model, corneal stromal repair occurred at 5 months, evidenced by the presence of stromal cells and neo-stroma, as depicted in hematoxylin-eosin-stained histologic sections and optical coherence tomography images of the anterior segment. Moreover, there was no inflammation and corneal neovascularization, as well as no corneal rejection reaction in the surgical area. Overall, the results demonstrated that the dual-crosslinked membranes served effectively for corneal tissue regeneration after corneal defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Yuehai Peng
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangzhou Proud Seeing Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510623, China
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenfang Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Ren
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Li S, Ma X, Zhang Y, Qu Y, Wang L, Ye L. Applications of hydrogel materials in different types of corneal wounds. Surv Ophthalmol 2023:S0039-6257(23)00040-1. [PMID: 36854372 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Severe corneal injury can lead to a decrease in light transmission and even blindness. Currently, corneal transplantation has been applied as the primary treatment for corneal blindness; however, the worldwide shortage of suitable corneal donor tissue means that a large proportion of patients have no access to corneal transplants. This situation has contributed to the rapid development of various corneal substitutes. The development and optimization of novel hydrogels that aim to replace partial or full-thickness pathological corneas have advanced in the last decade. Meanwhile, with the help of 3D bioprinting technology, hydrogel materials can be molded to a refined and controllable shape, attracting many scientists to the field of corneal reconstruction research. Although hydrogels are not yet available as a substitute for traditional clinical methods of corneal diseases, their rapid development makes us confident that they will be in the near future. We summarize the application of hydrogel materials for various types of corneal injuries frequently encountered in clinical practice, especially focusing on animal experiments and preclinical studies. Finally, we discuss the development and achievements of 3D bioprinting in the treatment of corneal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixu Li
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xudai Ma
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunhao Qu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Lin Ye
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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A Comprehensive Review on Collagen Type I Development of Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering: From Biosynthesis to Bioscaffold. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092307. [PMID: 36140407 PMCID: PMC9496548 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen is the most abundant structural protein found in humans and mammals, particularly in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Its primary function is to hold the body together. The collagen superfamily of proteins includes over 20 types that have been identified. Yet, collagen type I is the major component in many tissues and can be extracted as a natural biomaterial for various medical and biological purposes. Collagen has multiple advantageous characteristics, including varied sources, biocompatibility, sustainability, low immunogenicity, porosity, and biodegradability. As such, collagen-type-I-based bioscaffolds have been widely used in tissue engineering. Biomaterials based on collagen type I can also be modified to improve their functions, such as by crosslinking to strengthen the mechanical property or adding biochemical factors to enhance their biological activity. This review discusses the complexities of collagen type I structure, biosynthesis, sources for collagen derivatives, methods of isolation and purification, physicochemical characteristics, and the current development of collagen-type-I-based scaffolds in tissue engineering applications. The advancement of additional novel tissue engineered bioproducts with refined techniques and continuous biomaterial augmentation is facilitated by understanding the conventional design and application of biomaterials based on collagen type I.
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3D Bioprinting of Multi-Material Decellularized Liver Matrix Hydrogel at Physiological Temperatures. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070521. [PMID: 35884324 PMCID: PMC9313433 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinting is an acclaimed technique that allows the scaling of 3D architectures in an organized pattern but suffers from a scarcity of appropriate bioinks. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) from xenogeneic species has garnered support as a biomaterial to promote tissue-specific regeneration and repair. The prospect of developing dECM-based 3D artificial tissue is impeded by its inherent low mechanical properties. In recent years, 3D bioprinting of dECM-based bioinks modified with additional scaffolds has advanced the development of load-bearing constructs. However, previous attempts using dECM were limited to low-temperature bioprinting, which is not favorable for a longer print duration with cells. Here, we report the development of a multi-material decellularized liver matrix (dLM) bioink reinforced with gelatin and polyethylene glycol to improve rheology, extrudability, and mechanical stability. This shear-thinning bioink facilitated extrusion-based bioprinting at 37 °C with HepG2 cells into a 3D grid structure with a further enhancement for long-term applications by enzymatic crosslinking with mushroom tyrosinase. The heavily crosslinked structure showed a 16-fold increase in viscosity (2.73 Pa s−1) and a 32-fold increase in storage modulus from the non-crosslinked dLM while retaining high cell viability (85–93%) and liver-specific functions. Our results show that the cytocompatible crosslinking of dLM bioink at physiological temperatures has promising applications for extended 3D-printing procedures.
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8
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Lee AL, Hsieh HY, Chen YY, Tsai LH, Wey SL, Chen DS, Chen YJ, Young TH. Novel Application of Photo-Crosslinked Urocanic-Acid-Modified Chitosan in Corneal Wounds. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2016-2027. [PMID: 35412808 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, the use of tissue adhesives in corneal perforation has gained immense popularity in clinical practices. The present study aimed to devise a new application of urocanic-acid-modified chitosan (CS) with methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer for the development of a photo-crosslinked tissue adhesive. In particular, the curing time was controlled with the aid of a 650 nm red diode. Under the same irradiation condition, the mechanical properties were tuned using the photosensitizer at different concentrations. In vitro tests revealed that the gel was ductile and biocompatible. The application of the gel to a perforated cornea model stopped the leakage of aqueous humor, immediately after the gel was photo-crosslinked. The blue appearance of the gel provided high precision when applied to corneal wounds. Importantly, the crosslinked gel became transparent within 24 h, owing to the dissipation of MB from tears, and the gel spontaneously sloughed off without artificial removal. Altogether, the study reported the development of a novel photo-crosslinkable urocanic-acid-modified CS gel that exhibited significant potential to be utilized in the healing of corneal perforation.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Li Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ying Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Yu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hui Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Li Wey
- Department of Pathology, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 30071, Taiwan
| | - Dai-Shi Chen
- Translational Cell Biology and Neurooncology Laboratory, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen (UKER), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Yi-Jane Chen
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Sousa GF, Afewerki S, Dittz D, Santos FEP, Gontijo DO, Scalzo SRA, Santos ALC, Guimaraes LC, Pereira EM, Barcelos LS, Do Monte SJH, Guimaraes PPG, Marciano FR, Lobo AO. Catalyst-Free Click Chemistry for Engineering Chondroitin Sulfate-Multiarmed PEG Hydrogels for Skin Tissue Engineering. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13020045. [PMID: 35466227 PMCID: PMC9036249 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The quest for an ideal biomaterial perfectly matching the microenvironment of the surrounding tissues and cells is an endless challenge within biomedical research, in addition to integrating this with a facile and sustainable technology for its preparation. Engineering hydrogels through click chemistry would promote the sustainable invention of tailor-made hydrogels. Herein, we disclose a versatile and facile catalyst-free click chemistry for the generation of an innovative hydrogel by combining chondroitin sulfate (CS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Various multi-armed PEG-Norbornene (A-PEG-N) with different molecular sizes were investigated to generate crosslinked copolymers with tunable rheological and mechanical properties. The crosslinked and mechanically stable porous hydrogels could be generated by simply mixing the two clickable Tetrazine-CS (TCS) and A-PEG-N components, generating a self-standing hydrogel within minutes. The leading candidate (TCS-8A-PEG-N (40 kD)), based on the mechanical and biocompatibility results, was further employed as a scaffold to improve wound closure and blood flow in vivo. The hydrogel demonstrated not only enhanced blood perfusion and an increased number of blood vessels, but also desirable fibrous matrix orientation and normal collagen deposition. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of the hydrogel to improve wound repair and hold promise for in situ skin tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo F. Sousa
- LIMAV—Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, BioMatLab, Materials Science & Engineering Graduate Program, UFPI—Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil;
| | - Samson Afewerki
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University—Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (A.O.L.)
| | - Dalton Dittz
- Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, UFPI—Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil;
| | - Francisco E. P. Santos
- Physics Department, UFPI—Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (F.E.P.S.); (F.R.M.)
| | - Daniele O. Gontijo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.O.G.); (S.R.A.S.); (A.L.C.S.); (L.C.G.); (L.S.B.); (P.P.G.G.)
| | - Sérgio R. A. Scalzo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.O.G.); (S.R.A.S.); (A.L.C.S.); (L.C.G.); (L.S.B.); (P.P.G.G.)
| | - Ana L. C. Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.O.G.); (S.R.A.S.); (A.L.C.S.); (L.C.G.); (L.S.B.); (P.P.G.G.)
| | - Lays C. Guimaraes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.O.G.); (S.R.A.S.); (A.L.C.S.); (L.C.G.); (L.S.B.); (P.P.G.G.)
| | - Ester M. Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Molecular Biology, UFPI—Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (E.M.P.); (S.J.H.D.M.)
| | - Luciola S. Barcelos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.O.G.); (S.R.A.S.); (A.L.C.S.); (L.C.G.); (L.S.B.); (P.P.G.G.)
| | - Semiramis J. H. Do Monte
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Molecular Biology, UFPI—Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (E.M.P.); (S.J.H.D.M.)
| | - Pedro P. G. Guimaraes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.O.G.); (S.R.A.S.); (A.L.C.S.); (L.C.G.); (L.S.B.); (P.P.G.G.)
| | - Fernanda R. Marciano
- Physics Department, UFPI—Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (F.E.P.S.); (F.R.M.)
| | - Anderson O. Lobo
- LIMAV—Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, BioMatLab, Materials Science & Engineering Graduate Program, UFPI—Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (A.O.L.)
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