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Mohamed HN, Abd-Elfattah EF, Abd-El-Monem A, Abd El-Raheem AERM. Saddlepoint p-values for a class of location-scale tests under randomized block design. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3092. [PMID: 38326454 PMCID: PMC10850542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53451-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper deals with a class of nonparametric two-sample location-scale tests. The purpose of this paper is to approximate the exact p-value of the considered class under a randomized block design. The exact p-value of the considered class is approximated by the saddlepoint approximation method, also by the traditional method which is the normal approximation method. The saddlepoint approximation method is more accurate than the normal approximation method in approximating the exact p-value, and does not take a lot of time like the simulation method. This accuracy is proved by applying the mentioned methods to two real data sets and a simulation study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidy N Mohamed
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ehab F Abd-Elfattah
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amel Abd-El-Monem
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Ahmad N, Muhammad A, Zafar R, Afzal U, Aslam M. Assessment of lead, cadmium, and mercury levels in the breast milk in Pakistani women. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:85903-85909. [PMID: 37395883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28517-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of potentially toxic metals like lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in healthy lactating mothers of Lahore city were estimated during 2020-2021 with the help of a flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS). Seventy samples of breast milk were collected from two different age groups, namely, G-1 (25-30 years) and G-2 (31-40 years). The results showed that Cd contents were below the detection limit of the measuring instrument; however, the Pb and Hg contents were detected with great ease. The mean concentrations of Pb and Hg in the G-1 corresponding to the age between 25 and 30 years were observed to be 1.914 ± 0.493 μg/L and 10.432 ± 3.249 μg/L, respectively. For the G-2 with an age limit between 31 and 40 years, the concentrations of Pb and Hg were estimated to be 2.045 ± 0.502 μg/L and 11.527 ± 3.231 μg/L, respectively. The T-test analysis of concentrations of these toxic metals indicated a significant correlation between the content levels of Pb and Hg (p < 0.05). The observed values of toxic metals were significantly more frequent than those suggested by WHO (World Health Organization). An increase in the concentrations of Pb and Hg is directly associated with the location of the target population. As a result, it is turned out that the majority of the lactating woman with significantly high levels of Pb and Hg belongs to industrial areas of Lahore. To avoid such conditions, residential areas must be at larger distances, in addition, to strictly abiding by the environmental policies of the government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Physics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Muhammad
- Department of Physics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ramna Zafar
- Department of Physics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Usama Afzal
- Department of Physics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21551, Saudi Arabia
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Afzal J, Yihong Z, Afzal U, Aslam M. A complex wireless sensors model (CWSM) for real time monitoring of dam temperature. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13371. [PMID: 36814613 PMCID: PMC9939598 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The following work is based on real-time temperature monitoring during the construction and during the operation of a dam. For this purpose, we have proposed a sensing model named: the "complex wireless sensors model (CWSM)" for measuring the value of different factors like temperature, humidity and pressure on the dam. The installation of the proposed model has been discussed with its wireless networking. The model contains five types of sensors i.e. humidity, temperature, pressure, sun and irradiance sensors for measuring the variation of different factors. The computation modeling of CWSM has been discussed in the paper. 3-D Finite Element method is used for thermal analysis. As the result, it is concluded that the wireless network will be more suitable for measuring and analyzing the effects of temperature, humidity, water pressure and solar radiation on the dam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Afzal
- College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Zhou Yihong
- College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Usama Afzal
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author.
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Afzal J, Yihong Z, Qayum M, Afzal U, Aslam M. Effects of dam on temperature, humidity and precipitation of surrounding area: a case study of Gomal Zam Dam in Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:14592-14603. [PMID: 36152095 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dams are studied not only for potential advantages but also for possible environmental repercussions. The objective of this case study is to see the effects caused by Gomal Zam Dam on temperature, humidity and precipitation in their surroundings, both spatially and temporally. The meteorology parameters' characteristics have been detected using two different approaches, Mann-Kendall statistical test and Sen's slope estimator. Data stations chosen were those that have been close to the dam and sufficiently far away from the dam. As a consequence, although temporal changes in mean heat were established, periodic and regional disparities in humidity readings were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Afzal
- College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Zhou Yihong
- College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Maria Qayum
- College of Economics & Management Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Usama Afzal
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Afzal U, Aslam M, Maryam K, AL-Marshadi AH, Afzal F. Fabrication and Characterization of a Highly Sensitive and Flexible Tactile Sensor Based on Indium Zinc Oxide (IZO) with Imprecise Data Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:32569-32576. [PMID: 36120017 PMCID: PMC9476525 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Tactile sensors are widely used in the electronic industry. In the following research work, we proposed a tactile sensor based on indium zinc oxide (IZO) electrodes and used neutrosophic statistics to analyze the capacitance and resistance of the tactile sensor. The tactile sensor was fabricated by depositing the IZO electrodes on a polycarbonate substrate (a thin layer). The IZO was characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy techniques. The sensor's electrical properties were characterized using an LCR meter, i.e., capacitance and resistance were measured in intervals with respect to changes in the applied force on the sensor at 1 kHz operational frequency. The sensor expressed high sensitivity with quick response and recovery times. The sensor also expressed long-term stability. For the analysis of capacitance and resistance, two statistical approaches, i.e., classical and neutrosophic approaches, were applied, and the better analysis approach for the sensor was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Afzal
- School
of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Departments
of Statistics, Faculty of Science, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kanza Maryam
- School
of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Ali Hussein AL-Marshadi
- Departments
of Statistics, Faculty of Science, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima Afzal
- School
of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
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Afzal U, Aslam M, Afzal F, Maryam K, Ahmad N, Zafar Q, Farooq Z. Fabrication of a graphene-based sensor to detect the humidity and the temperature of a metal body with imprecise data analysis. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21297-21308. [PMID: 35975052 PMCID: PMC9344590 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03474c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene is a 2D material with remarkable properties. The present study demonstrates the fabrication of a graphene-based sensor for measuring the temperature and humidity of a metal body. The graphene sensor was fabricated by depositing a thin film of graphene nanoparticles between silver electrodes (separated by ∼50 μm) on a glass substrate. The graphene thin film was characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and UV-vis techniques. The capacitance and resistance for both the relative humidity (in the range of 0-100% RH) and temperature (in the range of 230-310 K) were measured using an LCR meter at 1 kHz in a controlled chamber. The graphene-based sensor expressed high sensitivity with fast response and recovery times for both humidity and temperature with long stability and low hysteresis curves. The sensor was also tested on a metal body, which expressed a good response time. Moreover, the measured data of capacitance and resistance was analyzed with classical and neutrosophic analysis as an application of modern material statistics. It was observed that neutrosophic analysis is more flexible for analyzing the capacitance and resistance of the fabricated sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Afzal
- Visiting Lecturer, Faculty of Science, Gift College Hafizabad 52110 Pakistan .,Department of Physics, University of Education Township Campus Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21551 Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima Afzal
- Bachelor Student, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Kanza Maryam
- Bachelor Student, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Physics, University of Education Township Campus Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Qayyum Zafar
- Department of Physics, University of Management and Technology Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Zahid Farooq
- Department of Physics, University of Education Faisalabad Campus Pakistan
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Laroussi I, Madi M. Rate of complete second-order moment convergence and theoretical applications. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2022.2082179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Laroussi
- Department of Mathematics, Frères Mentouri University, Constantine, Algeria
| | - M. Madi
- Department of Mathematics, Frères Mentouri University, Constantine, Algeria
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