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Ige AS, Cavalluzzi D, Djordjevic IB, Runge K, Deymier PA. Information encoding and encryption in acoustic analogues of qubits. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14934. [PMID: 38942907 PMCID: PMC11213889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptography is crucial in protecting sensitive information and ensuring secure transactions in a time when data security and privacy are major concerns. Traditional cryptography techniques, which depend on mathematical algorithms and secret keys, have historically protected against data breaches and illegal access. With the advent of quantum computers, traditional cryptography techniques are at risk. In this work, we present a cryptography idea using logical phi-bits, which are classical analogues of quantum bits (qubits) and are supported by driven acoustic metamaterials. The state of phi-bits displays superpositions similar to quantum bits, with complex amplitudes and phases. We present a representation of the state vector of single and multi-phi-bit systems. The state vector of multiple phi-bits system lies in a complex exponentially scaling Hilbert space and is used to encode information or messages. By changing the driving conditions of the metamaterial, the information can be encrypted with exceptional security and efficiency. We illustrate experimentally the practicality and effectiveness of encoding and encryption of a message using a 5 phi-bits system and emphasize the scalability of this approach to an N phi-bits system with the same processing time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinsanmi S Ige
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
- New Frontiers of Sound Science and Technology Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - David Cavalluzzi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- New Frontiers of Sound Science and Technology Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Ivan B Djordjevic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- New Frontiers of Sound Science and Technology Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Keith Runge
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- New Frontiers of Sound Science and Technology Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Pierre A Deymier
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- New Frontiers of Sound Science and Technology Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Deymier PA, Runge K, Hasan MA, Lata TD, Levine JA, Cutillas P. Realizing acoustic qubit analogues with nonlinearly tunable phi-bits in externally driven coupled acoustic waveguides. Sci Rep 2023; 13:635. [PMID: 36635298 PMCID: PMC9837201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Using experiments and theory, we investigate the behavior of nonlinear acoustic modes in a physical system composed of an array of three coupled acoustic waveguides, two of which are externally driven with two different frequencies. Nonlinear modes with frequency given by linear combinations of the driving frequencies are realizations of so-called logical phi-bits. A phi-bit is a two-state degree of freedom of an acoustic wave, which can be in a coherent superposition of states with complex amplitude coefficients, i.e., a qubit analogue. We demonstrate experimentally that phi-bit modes are supported in the array of waveguides. Using perturbation theory, we show that phi-bits may result from the intrinsic nonlinearity of the material used to couple the waveguides. We have also isolated possible effects on phi-bit states associated with the systems' electronics, transducers and ultrasonic coupling agents used to probe the array and that may introduce extrinsic nonlinearities. These extrinsic effects are shown to be easily separable from the intrinsic behavior. The intrinsic behavior includes sharp jumps in phi-bit phases occurring over very narrow ranges of driving frequency. These jumps may also exhibit hysteretic behavior dependent on the direction of driving frequency tuning. The intrinsic states of phi-bits and multiple nonlinearly correlated phi-bits may serve as foundation for robust and practical quantum-analogue information technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Deymier
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - K. Runge
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - M. A. Hasan
- grid.254444.70000 0001 1456 7807Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
| | - T. D. Lata
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - J. A. Levine
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XDepartment of Computer Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - P. Cutillas
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XDepartment of Computer Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
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Demonstration of a two-bit controlled-NOT quantum-like gate using classical acoustic qubit-analogues. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14066. [PMID: 35982078 PMCID: PMC9388580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate is the key to unlock the power of quantum computing as it is a fundamental component of a universal set of gates. We demonstrate the operation of a two-bit C-NOT quantum-like gate using classical qubit acoustic analogues, called herein logical phi-bits. The logical phi-bits are supported by an externally driven nonlinear acoustic metamaterial composed of a parallel array of three elastically coupled waveguides. A logical phi-bit has a two-state degree of freedom associated with the two independent relative phases of the acoustic wave in the three waveguides. A simple physical manipulation involving the detuning of the frequency of one of the external drivers is shown to operate on the complex vectors in the Hilbert space of pairs of logical phi-bits. This operation achieves a systematic and predictable C-NOT gate with unambiguously measurable input and output. The possibility of scaling the approach to more phi-bits is promising.
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