1
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Hui Z, Deng H, Zhang X, Garrido C, Lirussi F, Ye XY, Xie T, Liu ZQ. Development and therapeutic potential of DNA-dependent protein kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107608. [PMID: 38981210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The deployment of DNA damage response (DDR) combats various forms of DNA damage, ensuring genomic stability. Cancer cells' propensity for genomic instability offers therapeutic opportunities to selectively kill cancer cells by suppressing the DDR pathway. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a nuclear serine/threonine kinase, is crucial for the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Therefore, targeting DNA-PK is a promising cancer treatment strategy. This review elaborates on the structures of DNA-PK and its related large protein, as well as the development process of DNA-PK inhibitors, and recent advancements in their clinical application. We emphasize our analysis of the development process and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of DNA-PK inhibitors based on different scaffolds. We hope this review will provide practical information for researchers seeking to develop novel DNA-PK inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Hui
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, P. R. China; School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P.R. China
| | - Haowen Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM U1231, Label LipSTIC and Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Dijon, France; Faculté de médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, Centre de lutte contre le cancer Georges François Leclerc, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Frédéric Lirussi
- INSERM U1231, Label LipSTIC and Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Dijon, France; Université de Franche Comté, France, University Hospital of Besançon (CHU), France
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P.R. China.
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P.R. China.
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, P. R. China.
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2
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Rahman R, Shi DD, Reitman ZJ, Hamerlik P, de Groot JF, Haas-Kogan DA, D’Andrea AD, Sulman EP, Tanner K, Agar NYR, Sarkaria JN, Tinkle CL, Bindra RS, Mehta MP, Wen PY. DNA damage response in brain tumors: A Society for Neuro-Oncology consensus review on mechanisms and translational efforts in neuro-oncology. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:1367-1387. [PMID: 38770568 PMCID: PMC11300028 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms are critical to maintenance of overall genomic stability, and their dysfunction can contribute to oncogenesis. Significant advances in our understanding of DDR pathways have raised the possibility of developing therapies that exploit these processes. In this expert-driven consensus review, we examine mechanisms of response to DNA damage, progress in development of DDR inhibitors in IDH-wild-type glioblastoma and IDH-mutant gliomas, and other important considerations such as biomarker development, preclinical models, combination therapies, mechanisms of resistance and clinical trial design considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifaquat Rahman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diana D Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zachary J Reitman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John F de Groot
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daphne A Haas-Kogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan D D’Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erik P Sulman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kirk Tanner
- National Brain Tumor Society, Newton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher L Tinkle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Minesh P Mehta
- Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Collins VJ, Ludwig KR, Nelson AE, Rajan SS, Yeung C, Vulikh K, Isanogle KA, Mendoza A, Difilippantonio S, Karim BO, Caplen NJ, Heske CM. Enhancing Standard of Care Chemotherapy Efficacy Using DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase (DNA-PK) Inhibition in Preclinical Models of Ewing Sarcoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:1109-1123. [PMID: 38657228 PMCID: PMC11293986 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Disruption of DNA damage repair via impaired homologous recombination is characteristic of Ewing sarcoma (EWS) cells. We hypothesize that this disruption results in increased reliance on nonhomologous end joining to repair DNA damage. In this study, we investigated if pharmacologic inhibition of the enzyme responsible for nonhomologous end joining, the DNA-PK holoenzyme, alters the response of EWS cells to genotoxic standard of care chemotherapy. We used analyses of cell viability and proliferation to investigate the effects of clinical DNA-PK inhibitors (DNA-PKi) in combination with six therapeutic or experimental agents for EWS. We performed calculations of synergy using the Loewe additivity model. Immunoblotting evaluated treatment effects on DNA-PK, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Flow cytometric analyses evaluated effects on cell cycle and fate. We used orthotopic xenograft models to interrogate tolerability, drug mechanism, and efficacy in vivo. DNA-PKi demonstrated on-target activity, reducing phosphorylated DNA-PK levels in EWS cells. DNA-PKi sensitized EWS cell lines to agents that function as topoisomerase 2 (TOP2) poisons and enhanced the DNA damage induced by TOP2 poisons. Nanomolar concentrations of single-agent TOP2 poisons induced G2M arrest and little apoptotic response while adding DNA-PKi-mediated apoptosis. In vivo, the combination of AZD7648 and etoposide had limited tolerability but resulted in enhanced DNA damage, apoptosis, and EWS tumor shrinkage. The combination of DNA-PKi with standard of care TOP2 poisons in EWS models is synergistic, enhances DNA damage and cell death, and may form the basis of a promising future therapeutic strategy for EWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J. Collins
- Translational Sarcoma Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katelyn R. Ludwig
- Functional Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ariana E. Nelson
- Translational Sarcoma Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Soumya Sundara Rajan
- Functional Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Choh Yeung
- Translational Sarcoma Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ksenia Vulikh
- Molecular Histopathology Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Kristine A. Isanogle
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Arnulfo Mendoza
- Translational Sarcoma Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Baktiar O. Karim
- Molecular Histopathology Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Natasha J. Caplen
- Functional Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christine M. Heske
- Translational Sarcoma Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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4
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Camfield S, Chakraborty S, Dwivedi SKD, Pramanik PK, Mukherjee P, Bhattacharya R. Secrets of DNA-PKcs beyond DNA repair. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:154. [PMID: 39043779 PMCID: PMC11266574 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The canonical role of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) in repairing DNA double-strand breaks combined with its reported dysregulation in several malignancies has driven the development of DNA-PKcs inhibitors as therapeutics. However, until recently the relationship between DNA-PKcs and tumorigenesis has been primarily investigated with regard to its role in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair. Emerging research has uncovered non-canonical DNA-PKcs functions involved with transcriptional regulation, telomere maintenance, metabolic regulation, and immune signaling all of which may also impinge on tumorigenesis. This review mainly discusses these non-canonical roles of DNA-PKcs in cellular biology and their potential contribution to tumorigenesis, as well as evaluating the implications of targeting DNA-PKcs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Camfield
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sayan Chakraborty
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Shailendra Kumar Dhar Dwivedi
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Pijush Kanti Pramanik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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5
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Ji J, Dragojevic S, Callaghan CM, Smith EJ, Talele S, Zhang W, Connors MA, Mladek AC, Hu Z, Bakken KK, Sarkaria PP, Carlson BL, Burgenske DM, Decker PA, Rashid MA, Jang MH, Gupta SK, Eckel-Passow JE, Elmquist WF, Sarkaria JN. Differential Distribution of the DNA-PKcs Inhibitor Peposertib Selectively Radiosensitizes Patient-derived Melanoma Brain Metastasis Xenografts. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:662-671. [PMID: 38224566 PMCID: PMC11063760 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Radioresistance of melanoma brain metastases limits the clinical utility of conventionally fractionated brain radiation in this disease, and strategies to improve radiation response could have significant clinical impact. The catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) is critical for repair of radiation-induced DNA damage, and inhibitors of this kinase can have potent effects on radiation sensitivity. In this study, the radiosensitizing effects of the DNA-PKcs inhibitor peposertib were evaluated in patient-derived xenografts of melanoma brain metastases (M12, M15, M27). In clonogenic survival assays, peposertib augmented radiation-induced killing of M12 cells at concentrations ≥100 nmol/L, and a minimum of 16 hours exposure allowed maximal sensitization. This information was integrated with pharmacokinetic modeling to define an optimal dosing regimen for peposertib of 125 mpk dosed just prior to and 7 hours after irradiation. Using this drug dosing regimen in combination with 2.5 Gy × 5 fractions of radiation, significant prolongation in median survival was observed in M12-eGFP (104%; P = 0.0015) and M15 (50%; P = 0.03), while more limited effects were seen in M27 (16%, P = 0.04). These data support the concept of developing peposertib as a radiosensitizer for brain metastases and provide a paradigm for integrating in vitro and pharmacokinetic data to define an optimal radiosensitizing regimen for potent DNA repair inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Sonja Dragojevic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Emily J. Smith
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Surabhi Talele
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Ann C. Mladek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zeng Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Brett L. Carlson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Paul A. Decker
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mohammad Abdur Rashid
- RWJ-Neurosurgery, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Mi-hyeon Jang
- RWJ-Neurosurgery, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Shiv K. Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - William F. Elmquist
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jann N. Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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6
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Zhang H, Kreis J, Schelhorn SE, Dahmen H, Grombacher T, Zühlsdorf M, Zenke FT, Guan Y. Mapping combinatorial drug effects to DNA damage response kinase inhibitors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8310. [PMID: 38097586 PMCID: PMC10721915 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
One fundamental principle that underlies various cancer treatments, such as traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, involves the induction of catastrophic DNA damage, leading to the apoptosis of cancer cells. In our study, we conduct a comprehensive dose-response combination screening focused on inhibitors that target key kinases involved in the DNA damage response (DDR): ATR, ATM, and DNA-PK. This screening involves 87 anti-cancer agents, including six DDR inhibitors, and encompasses 62 different cell lines spanning 12 types of tumors, resulting in a total of 17,912 combination treatment experiments. Within these combinations, we analyze the most effective and synergistic drug pairs across all tested cell lines, considering the variations among cancers originating from different tissues. Our analysis reveals inhibitors of five DDR-related pathways (DNA topoisomerase, PLK1 kinase, p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase, PARP, and cell cycle checkpoint proteins) that exhibit strong combinatorial efficacy and synergy when used alongside ATM/ATR/DNA-PK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuanfang Guan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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7
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Chavda VP, Balar PC, Nalla LV, Bezbaruah R, Gogoi NR, Gajula SNR, Peng B, Meena AS, Conde J, Prasad R. Conjugated Nanoparticles for Solid Tumor Theranostics: Unraveling the Interplay of Known and Unknown Factors. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:37654-37684. [PMID: 37867666 PMCID: PMC10586263 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer diagnoses have been increasing worldwide, and solid tumors are among the leading contributors to patient mortality, creating an enormous burden on the global healthcare system. Cancer is responsible for around 10.3 million deaths worldwide. Solid tumors are one of the most prevalent cancers observed in recent times. On the other hand, early diagnosis is a significant challenge that could save a person's life. Treatment with existing methods has pitfalls that limit the successful elimination of the disorder. Though nanoparticle-based imaging and therapeutics have shown a significant impact in healthcare, current methodologies for solid tumor treatment are insufficient. There are multiple complications associated with the diagnosis and management of solid tumors as well. Recently, surface-conjugated nanoparticles such as lipid nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and quantum dots have shown positive results in solid tumor diagnostics and therapeutics in preclinical models. Other nanotheranostic material platforms such as plasmonic theranostics, magnetotheranostics, hybrid nanotheranostics, and graphene theranostics have also been explored. These nanoparticle theranostics ensure the appropriate targeting of tumors along with selective delivery of cargos (both imaging and therapeutic probes) without affecting the surrounding healthy tissues. Though they have multiple applications, nanoparticles still possess numerous limitations that need to be addressed in order to be fully utilized in the clinic. In this review, we outline the importance of materials and design strategies used to engineer nanoparticles in the treatment and diagnosis of solid tumors and how effectively each method overcomes the drawbacks of the current techniques. We also highlight the gaps in each material platform and how design considerations can address their limitations in future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380001, India
| | - Pankti C. Balar
- Pharmacy
Section, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380001, India
| | - Lakshmi Vineela Nalla
- Department
of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh 522302, India
| | - Rajashri Bezbaruah
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science
and Engineering, Dibrugarh, 786004 Assam, India
| | - Niva Rani Gogoi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science
and Engineering, Dibrugarh, 786004 Assam, India
| | - Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Analysis, GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - Berney Peng
- Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University
of California at Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Avtar S. Meena
- Department
of Biotechnology, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari
Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - João Conde
- ToxOmics,
NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas,
NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- School
of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
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8
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Waldeck K, Van Zuylekom J, Cullinane C, Gulati T, Simpson KJ, Tothill RW, Blyth B, Hicks RJ. A genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen identifies DNA-PK as a sensitiser to 177Lutetium-DOTA-octreotate radionuclide therapy. Theranostics 2023; 13:4745-4761. [PMID: 37771787 PMCID: PMC10526672 DOI: 10.7150/thno.84628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) using 177Lutetium-DOTA-octreotate (LuTate) for neuroendocrine tumours (NET) is now an approved treatment available in many countries, though primary or secondary resistance continue to limit its effectiveness or durability. We hypothesised that a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen would identify key mediators of response to LuTate and gene targets that might offer opportunities for novel combination therapies for NET patients. Methods: We utilised a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen in LuTate-treated cells to identify genes that impact on the sensitivity or resistance of cells to LuTate. Hits were validated through single-gene knockout. LuTate-resistant cells were assessed to confirm LuTate uptake and retention, and persistence of somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) expression. Gene knockouts conferring LuTate sensitivity were further characterised by pharmacological sensitisation using specific inhibitors and in vivo analysis of the efficacy of these inhibitors in combination with LuTate. Results: The CRISPR-Cas9 screen identified several potential targets for both resistance and sensitivity to PRRT. Two gene knockouts which conferred LuTate resistance in vitro, ARRB2 and MVP, have potential mechanisms related to LuTate binding and retention, and modulation of DNA-damage repair (DDR) pathways, respectively. The screen showed that sensitivity to LuTate treatment in vitro can be conferred by the loss of a variety of genes involved in DDR pathways, with loss of genes involved in Non-Homologous End-Joining (NHEJ) being the most lethal. Loss of the key NHEJ gene, PRKDC (DNA-PK), either by gene loss or inhibition by two different inhibitors, resulted in significantly reduced cell survival upon exposure of cells to LuTate. In SSTR2-positive xenograft-bearing mice, the combination of nedisertib (a DNA-PK specific inhibitor) and LuTate produced a more robust control of tumour growth and increased survival compared to LuTate alone. Conclusions: DDR pathways are critical for sensing and repairing radiation-induced DNA damage, and our study shows that regulation of DDR pathways may be involved in both resistance and sensitivity to PRRT. Additionally, the use of a DNA-PK inhibitor in combination with LuTate PRRT significantly improves the efficacy of the treatment in pre-clinical models, providing further evidence for the clinical efficacy of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Waldeck
- Models of Cancer Translational Research Centre, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3000
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3010
| | - Jessica Van Zuylekom
- Models of Cancer Translational Research Centre, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3000
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3010
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- Models of Cancer Translational Research Centre, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3000
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3010
| | - Twishi Gulati
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3010
- Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3000
| | - Kaylene J. Simpson
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3010
- Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3000
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3010
| | - Richard W. Tothill
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3010
- Department of Clinical Pathology and University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3010
| | - Benjamin Blyth
- Models of Cancer Translational Research Centre, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3000
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3010
| | - Rodney J. Hicks
- St Vincent's Hospital Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3010
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9
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Gu L, Hickey RJ, Malkas LH. Therapeutic Targeting of DNA Replication Stress in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1346. [PMID: 37510250 PMCID: PMC10378776 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the currently used therapeutic strategies to target DNA replication stress for cancer treatment in the clinic, highlighting their effectiveness and limitations due to toxicity and drug resistance. Cancer cells experience enhanced spontaneous DNA damage due to compromised DNA replication machinery, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, loss of tumor suppressor genes, and/or constitutive activation of oncogenes. Consequently, these cells are addicted to DNA damage response signaling pathways and repair machinery to maintain genome stability and support survival and proliferation. Chemotherapeutic drugs exploit this genetic instability by inducing additional DNA damage to overwhelm the repair system in cancer cells. However, the clinical use of DNA-damaging agents is limited by their toxicity and drug resistance often arises. To address these issues, the article discusses a potential strategy to target the cancer-associated isoform of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (caPCNA), which plays a central role in the DNA replication and damage response network. Small molecule and peptide agents that specifically target caPCNA can selectively target cancer cells without significant toxicity to normal cells or experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Gu
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Robert J Hickey
- Department of Cancer Biology & Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Linda H Malkas
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Ovejero-Sánchez M, González-Sarmiento R, Herrero AB. DNA Damage Response Alterations in Ovarian Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:448. [PMID: 36672401 PMCID: PMC9856346 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR), a set of signaling pathways for DNA damage detection and repair, maintains genomic stability when cells are exposed to endogenous or exogenous DNA-damaging agents. Alterations in these pathways are strongly associated with cancer development, including ovarian cancer (OC), the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. In OC, failures in the DDR have been related not only to the onset but also to progression and chemoresistance. It is known that approximately half of the most frequent subtype, high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), exhibit defects in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR), and current evidence indicates that probably all HGSCs harbor a defect in at least one DDR pathway. These defects are not restricted to HGSCs; mutations in ARID1A, which are present in 30% of endometrioid OCs and 50% of clear cell (CC) carcinomas, have also been found to confer deficiencies in DNA repair. Moreover, DDR alterations have been described in a variable percentage of the different OC subtypes. Here, we overview the main DNA repair pathways involved in the maintenance of genome stability and their deregulation in OC. We also recapitulate the preclinical and clinical data supporting the potential of targeting the DDR to fight the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ovejero-Sánchez
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-Spanish National Research Council, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-Spanish National Research Council, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Herrero
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-Spanish National Research Council, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Novotny JP, Mariño-Enríquez A, Fletcher JA. Targeting DNA-PK. Cancer Treat Res 2023; 186:299-312. [PMID: 37978142 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-30065-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This chapter explores the multifaceted roles of DNA-PK with particular focus on its functions in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair. DNA-PK is the primary orchestrator of NHEJ but also regulates other biologic processes. The growing understanding of varied DNA-PK biologic roles highlights new avenues for cancer treatment. However, these multiple roles also imply challenges, particularly in combination therapies, with perhaps a higher risk of clinical toxicities than was previously envisioned. These considerations underscore the need for compelling and innovative strategies to accomplish effective clinical translation.
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Chloroquine-Induced DNA Damage Synergizes with Nonhomologous End Joining Inhibition to Cause Ovarian Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147518. [PMID: 35886866 PMCID: PMC9323666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy; therefore, more effective treatments are urgently needed. We recently reported that chloroquine (CQ) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in OC cell lines (OCCLs), causing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Here, we analyzed whether these lesions are repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), one of the main pathways involved in DSB repair, and if the combination of CQ with NHEJ inhibitors (NHEJi) could be effective against OC. We found that NHEJ inhibition increased the persistence of γH2AX foci after CQ-induced DNA damage, revealing an essential role of this pathway in the repair of the lesions. NHEJi decreased the proliferation of OCCLs and a strong in vitro synergistic effect on apoptosis induction was observed when combined with CQ. This effect was largely abolished by the antioxidant N-Acetyl-L-cysteine, revealing the critical role of ROS and DSB generation in CQ/NHEJi-induced lethality. We also found that the NHEJ efficiency in OCCLs was not affected by treatment with Panobinostat, a pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor that also synergizes with CQ in OCCLs by impairing homologous recombination. Accordingly, the triple combination of CQ-NHEJi-Panobinostat exerted a stronger in vitro synergistic effect. Altogether, our data suggest that the combination of these drugs could represent new therapeutic strategies against OC.
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Matsumoto Y. Development and Evolution of DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitors toward Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084264. [PMID: 35457081 PMCID: PMC9032228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) is considered the most deleterious type of DNA damage, which is generated by ionizing radiation (IR) and a subset of anticancer drugs. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), which is composed of a DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and Ku80-Ku70 heterodimer, acts as the molecular sensor for DSB and plays a pivotal role in DSB repair through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Cells deficient for DNA-PKcs show hypersensitivity to IR and several DNA-damaging agents. Cellular sensitivity to IR and DNA-damaging agents can be augmented by the inhibition of DNA-PK. A number of small molecules that inhibit DNA-PK have been developed. Here, the development and evolution of inhibitors targeting DNA-PK for cancer therapy is reviewed. Significant parts of the inhibitors were developed based on the structural similarity of DNA-PK to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and PI3K-related kinases (PIKKs), including Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). Some of DNA-PK inhibitors, e.g., NU7026 and NU7441, have been used extensively in the studies for cellular function of DNA-PK. Recently developed inhibitors, e.g., M3814 and AZD7648, are in clinical trials and on the way to be utilized in cancer therapy in combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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