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Pringle TA, Ramon-Gil E, Leslie J, Oakley F, Wright MC, Knight JC, Luli S. Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a 89Zr-labelled human single chain antibody for non-invasive detection of hepatic myofibroblasts in acute liver injury. Sci Rep 2024; 14:633. [PMID: 38182623 PMCID: PMC10770171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptophysin is expressed on fibrogenic hepatic myofibroblasts. C1-3 is a single chain human antibody (scAb) that binds specifically to synaptophysin on hepatic myofibroblasts, providing a targeting vector for novel in vivo imaging agents of chronic liver disease. C1-3 and a negative control scAb, CSBD9, were radiolabelled with zirconium-89 via desferrioxamine chelation to enable non-invasive molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). DFO-scAb conjugates were characterised by gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and MALDI-TOF spectrometry, and 89Zr-labelled with high radiolabelling efficiency (99%). [89Zr]Zr-DFO-C1-3 exhibited high in vitro stability (> 99%) in mouse and human sera over 3 days at 25 and 37 °C. Activated hepatic myofibroblasts incubated with [89Zr]Zr-DFO-C1-3 displayed significantly higher internalised activity (59.46%, P = 0.001) compared to the [89Zr]Zr-DFO-CSBD9 control, indicating synaptophysin-mediated uptake and high binding specificity of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-C1-3. Mice with CCl4-induced acute liver damage exhibited significantly higher liver uptake of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-C1-3, compared to controls, confirmed by both Cerenkov imaging and ex vivo gamma counting (4.41 ± 0.19%ID/g, P < 0.0001). CCl4-induced liver damage and the number of hepatic myofibroblasts was confirmed by αSMA staining of liver sections. These findings indicate that [89Zr]Zr-DFO-C1-3 has promising utility as a PET imaging agent for non-invasive detection of hepatic myofibroblasts following acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni A Pringle
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Erik Ramon-Gil
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jack Leslie
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Liver Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James C Knight
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Saimir Luli
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Preclinical In Vivo Imaging, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Medical School, Newcastle University, 4th Floor William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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2
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Zadran B, Sudhindar PD, Wainwright D, Bury Y, Luli S, Howarth R, McCain MV, Watson R, Huet H, Palinkas F, Berlinguer-Palmini R, Casement J, Mann DA, Oakley F, Lunec J, Reeves H, Faulkner GJ, Shukla R. Impact of retrotransposon protein L1 ORF1p expression on oncogenic pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of cytoplasmic PIN1 upregulation. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:1236-1248. [PMID: 36707636 PMCID: PMC10050422 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular characterisation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is central to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the disease. We have previously demonstrated mutagenic consequences of Long-Interspersed Nuclear Element-1 (LINE1s/L1) retrotransposition. However, the role of L1 in HCC, besides somatic mutagenesis, is not well understood. METHODS We analysed L1 expression in the TCGA-HCC RNAseq dataset (n = 372) and explored potential relationships between L1 expression and clinical features. The findings were confirmed by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of an independent human HCC cohort (n = 48) and functional mechanisms explored using in vitro and in vivo model systems. RESULTS We observed positive associations between L1 and activated TGFβ-signalling, TP53 mutation, alpha-fetoprotein and tumour invasion. IHC confirmed a positive association between pSMAD3, a surrogate for TGFβ-signalling status, and L1 ORF1p (P < 0.0001, n = 32). Experimental modulation of L1 ORF1p levels revealed an influence of L1 ORF1p on key hepatocarcinogenesis-related pathways. Reduction in cell migration and invasive capacity was observed upon L1 ORF1 knockdown, both in vitro and in vivo. In particular, L1 ORF1p increased PIN1 cytoplasmic localisation. Blocking PIN1 activity abrogated L1 ORF1p-induced NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response genes while further activated TGFβ-signalling confirming differential alteration of PIN1 activity in cellular compartments by L1 ORF1p. DISCUSSION Our data demonstrate a causal link between L1 ORF1p and key oncogenic pathways mediated by PIN1, presenting a novel therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassier Zadran
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Praveen Dhondurao Sudhindar
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniel Wainwright
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Yvonne Bury
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Saimir Luli
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Rachel Howarth
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Misti Vanette McCain
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Robyn Watson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Hannah Huet
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Fanni Palinkas
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - John Casement
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Derek A Mann
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - John Lunec
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Helen Reeves
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Multidisciplinary Team, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS foundation, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Geoffrey J Faulkner
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ruchi Shukla
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, Tyne and Wear, NE1 8ST, UK.
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3
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Grasso V, Willumeit-Rӧmer R, Jose J. Superpixel spectral unmixing framework for the volumetric assessment of tissue chromophores: A photoacoustic data-driven approach. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 26:100367. [PMID: 35601933 PMCID: PMC9120071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of tissue chromophores at a volumetric scale is vital for an improved diagnosis and treatment of a large number of diseases. Spectral photoacoustic imaging (sPAI) co-registered with high-resolution ultrasound (US) is an innovative technology that has a great potential for clinical translation as it can assess the volumetric distribution of the tissue components. Conventionally, to detect and separate the chromophores from sPAI, an input of the expected tissue absorption spectra is required. However, in pathological conditions, the prediction of the absorption spectra is difficult as it can change with respect to the physiological state. Besides, this conventional approach can also be hampered due to spectral coloring, which is a prominent distortion effect that induces spectral changes at depth. Here, we are proposing a novel data-driven framework that can overcome all these limitations and provide an improved assessment of the tissue chromophores. We have developed a superpixel spectral unmixing (SPAX) approach that can detect the most and less prominent absorber spectra and their volumetric distribution without any user interactions. Within the SPAX framework, we have also implemented an advanced spectral coloring compensation approach by utilizing US image segmentation and Monte Carlo simulations, based on a predefined library of optical properties. The framework has been tested on tissue-mimicking phantoms and also on healthy animals. The obtained results show enhanced specificity and sensitivity for the detection of tissue chromophores. To our knowledge, this is a unique framework that accounts for the spectral coloring and provides automated detection of tissue spectral signatures at a volumetric scale, which can open many possibilities for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Grasso
- FUJIFILM VisualSonics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Regine Willumeit-Rӧmer
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Division Metallic Biomaterials, Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon GmbH, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Jithin Jose
- FUJIFILM VisualSonics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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Gayathri R, Suchand Sandeep CS, Gummaluri VS, Asik RM, Padmanabhan P, Gulyás B, Vijayan C, Murukeshan VM. Plasmonic random laser enabled artefact-free wide-field fluorescence bioimaging: uncovering finer cellular features. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:2278-2287. [PMID: 36133703 PMCID: PMC9417316 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00866h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Narrow bandwidth, high brightness, and spectral tunability are the unique properties of lasers that make them extremely desirable for fluorescence imaging applications. However, due to the high spatial coherence, conventional lasers are often incompatible for wide-field fluorescence imaging. The presence of parasitic artefacts under coherent illumination causes uneven excitation of fluorophores, which has a critical impact on the reliability, resolution, and efficiency of fluorescence imaging. Here, we demonstrate artefact-free wide-field fluorescence imaging with a bright and low threshold silver nanorod based plasmonic random laser, offering the capability to image finer cellular features with sub-micrometer resolution even in highly diffusive biological samples. A spatial resolution of 454 nm and up to 23% enhancement in the image contrast in comparison to conventional laser illumination are attained. Based on the results presented in this paper, random lasers, with their laser-like properties and spatial incoherence are envisioned to be the next-generation sources for developing highly efficient wide-field fluorescence imaging systems having high spatial and temporal resolution for real-time, in vivo bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gayathri
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering (COLE), School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - C S Suchand Sandeep
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering (COLE), School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore
| | - V S Gummaluri
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering (COLE), School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore
| | - R Mohamed Asik
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre (CONIC), Nanyang Technological University 59 Nanyang Drive 636921 Singapore
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620024 India
| | - Parasuraman Padmanabhan
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre (CONIC), Nanyang Technological University 59 Nanyang Drive 636921 Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University 608232 Singapore
| | - Balázs Gulyás
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre (CONIC), Nanyang Technological University 59 Nanyang Drive 636921 Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University 608232 Singapore
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute 17176 Stockholm Sweden
| | - C Vijayan
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - V M Murukeshan
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering (COLE), School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore
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Sato N, Choyke PL. Whole-Body Imaging to Assess Cell-Based Immunotherapy: Preclinical Studies with an Update on Clinical Translation. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:235-248. [PMID: 34816284 PMCID: PMC8983636 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, immunotherapies against cancers made impressive progress. Immunotherapy includes a broad range of interventions that can be separated into two major groups: cell-based immunotherapies, such as adoptive T cell therapies and stem cell therapies, and immunomodulatory molecular therapies such as checkpoint inhibitors and cytokine therapies. Genetic engineering techniques that transduce T cells with a cancer-antigen-specific T cell receptor or chimeric antigen receptor have expanded to other cell types, and further modulation of the cells to enhance cancer targeting properties has been explored. Because cell-based immunotherapies rely on cells migrating to target organs or tissues, there is a growing interest in imaging technologies that non-invasively monitor transferred cells in vivo. Here, we review whole-body imaging methods to assess cell-based immunotherapy using a variety of examples. Following a review of preclinically used cell tracking technologies, we consider the status of their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Sato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10/Rm. B3B406, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10/Rm. B3B69F, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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6
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Engelbrecht L, Ollewagen T, de Swardt D. Advances in fluorescence microscopy can reveal important new aspects of tissue regeneration. Biochimie 2022; 196:194-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Hyodo F, Eto H, Naganuma T, Koyasu N, Elhelaly AE, Noda Y, Kato H, Murata M, Akahoshi T, Hashizume M, Utsumi H, Matsuo M. In Vivo Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Evaluation of Redox-Related Diseases and Theranostics. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:172-184. [PMID: 34015957 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance:In vivo molecular and metabolic imaging is an emerging field in biomedical research that aims to perform noninvasive detection of tissue metabolism in disease states and responses to therapeutic agents. The imbalance in tissue oxidation/reduction (Redox) states is related to the onset and progression of several diseases. Tissue redox metabolism provides biomarkers for early diagnosis and drug treatments. Thus, noninvasive imaging of redox metabolism could be a useful, novel diagnostic tool for diagnosis of redox-related disease and drug discovery. Recent Advances:In vivo dynamic nuclear polarization magnetic resonance imaging (DNP-MRI) is a technique that enables the imaging of free radicals in living animals. DNP enhances the MRI signal by irradiating the target tissue or solution with the free radical molecule's electron paramagnetic resonance frequency before executing pulse sequence of the MRI. In vivo DNP-MRI with redox-sensitive nitroxyl radicals as the DNP redox contrast agent enables the imaging of the redox metabolism on various diseases. Moreover, nitroxyl radicals show antioxidant effects that suppress oxidative stress. Critical Issues: To date, considerable progress has been documented preclinically in the development of animal imaging systems. Here, we review redox imaging of in vivo DNP-MRI with a focus on the recent progress of this system and its uses in patients with redox-related diseases. Future Directions: This technique could have broad applications in the study of other redox-related diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, and neurological disorders, and facilitate the evaluation of treatment response as a theranostic tool. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 172-184.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Hyodo
- Department of Radiology, Frontier Science for Imaging, School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hinako Eto
- Center for Advanced Medical Open Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Abdelazim Elsayed Elhelaly
- Department of Radiology, Frontier Science for Imaging, School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | - Hiroki Kato
- Department of Radiology, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Center for Advanced Medical Open Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Akahoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Hideo Utsumi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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Doan VHM, Nguyen VT, Mondal S, Vo TMT, Ly CD, Vu DD, Ataklti GY, Park S, Choi J, Oh J. Fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging-guided nanomaterials for highly efficient cancer theragnostic agent. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15943. [PMID: 34354208 PMCID: PMC8342712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95660-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging modalities combined with a multimodal nanocomposite contrast agent hold great potential for significant contributions in the biomedical field. Among modern imaging techniques, photoacoustic (PA) and fluorescence (FL) imaging gained much attention due to their non-invasive feature and the mutually supportive characteristic in terms of spatial resolution, penetration depth, imaging sensitivity, and speed. In this present study, we synthesized IR783 conjugated chitosan-polypyrrole nanocomposites (IR-CS-PPy NCs) as a theragnostic agent used for FL/PA dual-modal imaging. A customized FL and photoacoustic imaging system was constructed to perform required imaging experiments and create high-contrast images. The proposed nanocomposites were confirmed to have great biosafety, essentially a near-infrared (NIR) absorbance property with enhanced photostability. The in vitro photothermal results indicate the high-efficiency MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell ablation ability of IR-CS-PPy NCs under 808 nm NIR laser irradiation. The in vivo PTT study revealed the complete destruction of the tumor tissues with IR-CS-PPy NCs without further recurrence. The in vitro and in vivo results suggest that the demonstrated nanocomposites, together with the proposed imaging systems could be an effective theragnostic agent for imaging-guided cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Hoang Minh Doan
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Tu Nguyen
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudip Mondal
- New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Mai Thien Vo
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Cao Duong Ly
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh Dat Vu
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Gebremedhin Yonatan Ataklti
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Park
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyeop Choi
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwan Oh
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
- New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
- Ohlabs Corp., Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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