1
|
Namazi M, Eftekhar SP, Mosaed R, Shiralizadeh Dini S, Hazrati E. Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricle: A Pathophysiological Insight. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2024; 18:11795468241274744. [PMID: 39257563 PMCID: PMC11384539 DOI: 10.1177/11795468241274744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a pulmonary vascular disease characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular pressure. Long-term PH, irrespective of its etiology, leads to increased right ventricular (RV) pressure, RV hypertrophy, and ultimately, RV failure. Main body Research indicates that RV failure secondary to hypertrophy remains the primary cause of mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, the impact of PH on RV structure and function under increased overload remains incompletely understood. Several mechanisms have been proposed, including extracellular remodeling, RV hypertrophy, metabolic disturbances, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, neurohormonal dysregulation, capillary rarefaction, and ischemia. Conclusions Studies have demonstrated the significant role of oxidative stress in the development of RV failure. Understanding the interplay among these mechanisms is crucial for the prevention and management of RV failure in patients with PH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrshad Namazi
- Trauma and Surgery Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Biomechanics and Ergonomics Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Parsa Eftekhar
- Trauma and Surgery Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mosaed
- Trauma and Surgery Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ebrahim Hazrati
- Trauma and Surgery Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hwang Y, Kim Y, Min J, Jung J. Identification of novel membrane markers in circulating tumor cells of mesenchymal state in breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 38:101652. [PMID: 38375422 PMCID: PMC10875194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The ability to detect and monitor circulating tumor cells (CTCs) offers a promising approach to early detection and management of metastasis. Although studies on epithelial markers for CTC detection are actively underway, the discovery of mesenchymal markers has not been studied sufficiently. In this study, we developed a new pipeline to identify membrane markers in CTCs of mesenchymal state in breast cancer based on expression profiles of the 310 CTC samples. From the total CTC samples, only CTC samples in the mesenchymal state were collected by employing hierarchical clustering. In samples belonging to the mesenchymal state, we calculated the correlation coefficients between 1995 membrane genes and ZEB2, which was determined as the key mesenchymal signature, allowing the 84 positively correlated genes. Furthermore, to ensure clinical significance, Kaplan-Meier analysis were performed on the 124 breast cancer patients, resulting in the 14 genes predicting prognosis. By exploring genes commonly identified in the both analyses, F11R and PTGIR were characterized as membrane markers in CTCs of mesenchymal state in breast cancer, which were evaluated by enriched terms, literature evidence, and relevant molecular pathways. We expect that the results will be helpful to more effective strategies for metastasis management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongdeuk Hwang
- Division of Data Science, College of Information and Communication Technology, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, 18323, Republic of Korea
| | - Yurim Kim
- Division of Data Science, College of Information and Communication Technology, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, 18323, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiin Min
- Division of Data Science, College of Information and Communication Technology, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, 18323, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinmyung Jung
- Division of Data Science, College of Information and Communication Technology, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, 18323, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo S, Wang D. Novel insights into the potential applications of stem cells in pulmonary hypertension therapy. Respir Res 2024; 25:237. [PMID: 38849894 PMCID: PMC11162078 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) refers to a group of deadly lung diseases characterized by vascular lesions in the microvasculature and a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. The prevalence of PH has increased over time. Currently, the treatment options available for PH patients have limited efficacy, and none of them can fundamentally reverse pulmonary vascular remodeling. Stem cells represent an ideal seed with proven efficacy in clinical studies focusing on liver, cardiovascular, and nerve diseases. Since the potential therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on PH was first reported in 2006, many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of stem cells in PH animal models and suggested that stem cells can help slow the deterioration of lung tissue. Existing PH treatment studies basically focus on the paracrine action of stem cells, including protein regulation, exosome pathway, and cell signaling; however, the specific mechanisms have not yet been clarified. Apoptotic and afunctional pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) and alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) are two fundamental promoters of PH although they have not been extensively studied by researchers. This review mainly focuses on the supportive communication and interaction between PMVECs and AECs as well as the potential restorative effect of stem cells on their injury. In the future, more studies are needed to prove these effects and explore more radical cures for PH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Guo
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Dachun Wang
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng R, Xu T, Wang X, Yang L, Wang J, Huang X. Stem cell therapy in pulmonary hypertension: current practice and future opportunities. Eur Respir Rev 2023; 32:230112. [PMID: 37758272 PMCID: PMC10523152 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0112-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disease characterised by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and right-sided heart failure. While conventional drug therapies, including prostacyclin analogues, endothelin receptor antagonists and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, have been shown to improve the haemodynamic abnormalities of patients with PH, the 5-year mortality rate remains high. Thus, novel therapies are urgently required to prolong the survival of patients with PH. Stem cell therapies, including mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, have shown therapeutic potential for the treatment of PH and clinical trials on stem cell therapies for PH are ongoing. This review aims to present the latest preclinical achievements of stem cell therapies, focusing on the therapeutic effects of clinical trials and discussing the challenges and future perspectives of large-scale applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan Zheng
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, China
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tingting Xu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, China
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xinghong Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, China
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lehe Yang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, China
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, China
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Labuz DF, Whitlock AE, Kycia I, Zurakowski D, Fauza DO. Early functional analysis on the pulmonary hemodynamic effects of Transamniotic Stem Cell Therapy (TRASCET) in the nitrofen model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 2023; 58:8-13. [PMID: 36280468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transamniotic stem cell therapy (TRASCET) with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been shown to impact pulmonary vascular development and remodeling in experimental congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), with secondary structural cardiac effects. We sought to determine whether TRASCET has any functional impact on term fetal pulmonary hemodynamics in the nitrofen model. METHODS Time-dated pregnant rat dams (n = 13) received nitrofen on gestational day 9 (E9) to induce fetal CDH. Fetuses (n = 155) were divided into three groups: untreated (n = 45), and two groups receiving volume-matched intra-amniotic injections on E17 of either saline (sham; n = 46), or a suspension of amniotic fluid-derived MSCs (afMSCs) (TRASCET; n = 64). Donor afMSCs were syngeneic, phenotyped by flow cytometry, and "primed" by exposure to interferon-gamma and interleukin-1beta prior to administration in vivo. At term (E21), fetuses underwent Doppler flow assessment at the mid-pulmonary artery and 4-chamber echocardiogram. Pulmonary vascular resistance was estimated by pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT), max velocity (MaxV) and velocity time integral (VTI). Cardiac function was assessed by global longitudinal strain (GLS) and ejection fraction (EF) using speckle analyses. Healthy fetuses (n = 11) served as additional controls. Statistical analysis was by the Mann-Whitney U test RESULTS: High resolution ultrasound data could be obtained from 8 to 13 fetuses per group. The PAAT and the PAAT normalized to cardiac cycle time were significantly improved by TRASCET compared to both untreated and sham-treated CDH (p = 0.004 to <0.001 in all pairwise comparisons). The flow profile sharpness (MaxV:VTI) was increased in untreated (p = 0.06) and sham (p = 0.01) groups but normalized by TRASCET (p<0.01). There was no difference in GLS between TRASCET and either the untreated or sham groups (p = 0.25 to p = 0.93). CONCLUSION Transamniotic stem cell therapy improves pulmonary vascular resistance in early term fetuses in the Nitrofen model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Further focus on the functional pulmonary hemodynamic impact of this therapy is justified. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A (animal and laboratory study).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Labuz
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ashlyn E Whitlock
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ina Kycia
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dario O Fauza
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molnar V, Pavelić E, Vrdoljak K, Čemerin M, Klarić E, Matišić V, Bjelica R, Brlek P, Kovačić I, Tremolada C, Primorac D. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Effects in Osteoarthritis: A Narrative Review. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13060949. [PMID: 35741711 PMCID: PMC9222975 DOI: 10.3390/genes13060949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the insufficient satisfaction rates and high cost of operative treatment for osteoarthritis (OA), alternatives have been sought. Furthermore, the inability of current medications to arrest disease progression has led to rapidly growing clinical research relating to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The availability and function of MSCs vary according to tissue source. The three primary sources include the placenta, bone marrow, and adipose tissue, all of which offer excellent safety profiles. The primary mechanisms of action are trophic and immunomodulatory effects, which prevent the further degradation of joints. However, the function and degree to which benefits are observed vary significantly based on the exosomes secreted by MSCs. Paracrine and autocrine mechanisms prevent cell apoptosis and tissue fibrosis, initiate angiogenesis, and stimulate mitosis via growth factors. MSCs have even been shown to exhibit antimicrobial effects. Clinical results incorporating clinical scores and objective radiological imaging have been promising, but a lack of standardization in isolating MSCs prevents their incorporation in current guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vilim Molnar
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.M.); (E.P.); (E.K.); (V.M.); (P.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Eduard Pavelić
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.M.); (E.P.); (E.K.); (V.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Kristijan Vrdoljak
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.V.); (M.Č.)
| | - Martin Čemerin
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.V.); (M.Č.)
| | - Emil Klarić
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.M.); (E.P.); (E.K.); (V.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Vid Matišić
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.M.); (E.P.); (E.K.); (V.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Roko Bjelica
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Petar Brlek
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.M.); (E.P.); (E.K.); (V.M.); (P.B.)
| | | | | | - Dragan Primorac
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.M.); (E.P.); (E.K.); (V.M.); (P.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Medical School, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Medical School, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Medical School REGIOMED, 96450 Coburg, Germany
- Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- The Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shao F, Liu R, Tan X, Zhang Q, Ye L, Yan B, Zhuang Y, Xu J. MSC Transplantation Attenuates Inflammation, Prevents Endothelial Damage and Enhances the Angiogenic Potency of Endogenous MSCs in a Model of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2087-2101. [PMID: 35386223 PMCID: PMC8977867 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s355479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and fatal pulmonary vascular disease initiated by endothelial dysfunction. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been shown to ameliorate PAH in various rodent models; however, these models do not recapitulate all the histopathological alterations observed in human PAH. Broiler chickens (Gallus gallus) can develop PAH spontaneously with neointimal and plexogenic arteriopathy strikingly similar to that in human patients. Herein, we examined the protective effects of MSC transplantation on the development of PAH in this avian model. Methods Mixed-sex broilers at 15 d of age were received 2×106 MSCs or PBS intravenously. One day later, birds were exposed to cool temperature with excessive salt in their drinking water to induce PAH. Cumulative morbidity from PAH and right-to-left ventricle ratio were recorded. Lung histologic features were evaluated for the presence of endothelial damage, endothelial proliferation and plexiform lesions. Expression of proinflammatory mediators and angiogenic factors in the lung was detected. Matrigel tube formation assay was performed to determine the angiogenic potential of endogenous MSCs. Results MSC administration reduced cumulative PAH morbidity and attenuated endothelial damage, plexiform lesions and production of inflammatory mediators in the lungs. No significant difference in the expression of paracrine angiogenic factors including VEGF-A and TGF-β was determined between groups, suggesting that they are not essential for the beneficial effect of MSC transplantation. Interestingly, the endogenous MSCs from birds receiving MSC transplantation demonstrated endothelial differentiatial capacity in vitro whereas those from the mock birds did not. Conclusion Our results support the therapeutic use of MSC transplantation for PAH treatment and suggest that exogenous MSCs produce beneficial effects through modulating inflammation and endogenous MSC-mediated vascular repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjin Shao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Tan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lujie Ye
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingxuan Yan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhuang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxue Xu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oh S, Jung JH, Ahn KJ, Jang AY, Byun K, Yang PC, Chung WJ. Stem Cell and Exosome Therapy in Pulmonary Hypertension. Korean Circ J 2022; 52:110-122. [PMID: 35128849 PMCID: PMC8819574 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2021.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease that eventually causes right heart failure by remodeling pulmonary blood vessels. Based on the histopathological characteristics, PH is categorized into five subgroups. Rarely, a severe clinical entity is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), subgroup 1. This disease process results in pulmonary vascular alterations through dysfunction of the pulmonary endothelium and disturbance of immune responses. Although medical treatments based on these pathophysiologic concepts have been applied for more than 30 years, PAH still cannot be cured. This review addresses the feasibility of and perspectives on stem cell therapy, including the role of exosomes in PAH. Pulmonary hypertension is a rare and progressive illness with a devastating prognosis. Promising research efforts have advanced the understanding and recognition of the pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension. Despite remarkable achievements in terms of improving the survival rate, reducing disease progression, and enhancing quality of life, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is not completely curable. Therefore, an effective treatment strategy is still needed. Recently, many studies of the underlying molecular mechanisms and technological developments have led to new approaches and paradigms for PAH treatment. Management based on stem cells and related paracrine effects, epigenetic drugs and gene therapies has yielded prospective results for PAH treatment in preclinical research. Further trials are ongoing to optimize these important insights into clinical circumstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyeon Oh
- Gachon Cardiovascular Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Jung
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kyung-Jin Ahn
- Gachon Cardiovascular Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Albert Youngwoo Jang
- Gachon Cardiovascular Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Gachon Cardiovascular Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Phillip C. Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Wook-Jin Chung
- Gachon Cardiovascular Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang R, Zheng X, Wang J. Bioinformatic exploration of the immune related molecular mechanism underlying pulmonary arterial hypertension. Bioengineered 2021; 12:3137-3147. [PMID: 34252346 PMCID: PMC8806844 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1944720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms related to immune and hub genes related to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of GSE15197 were identified as filters with adjusted P value <0.05, and |Log2 fold change|> 1. Biofunctional and pathway enrichment annotation of DEGs indicated that immunity and inflammation may play an important role in the molecular mechanism of PAH. The CIBERSORT algorithm further analyzed the immune cell infiltration characteristics of the PAH and control samples. Subsequently, 16 hub genes were identified from DEGs using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm. An immune related gene CX3CR1 was further selected from the intersection results of the 16 hub genes and the top 20 genes with the most adjacent nodes in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. GSE113439, GSE48149, and GSE33463 datasets were used to validate and proved CX3CR1 with a remarkable score of AUC to distinguish PAH samples caused by various reasons from the control group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruina Huang
- Department of Cardiology in Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xifeng Zheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junxian Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li ZJ, Wang LQ, Li YZ, Wang CY, Huang JZ, Yu NZ, Long X. Application of adipose-derived stem cells in treating fibrosis. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1747-1761. [PMID: 34909121 PMCID: PMC8641015 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i11.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the hyperactivation of fibroblasts that results in excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, which is involved in numerous pathological changes and diseases. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are promising seed cells for regenerative medicine due to their bountiful source, low immunogenicity and lack of ethical issues. Their anti-fibrosis, immunomodulation, angiogenesis and other therapeutic effects have made them suitable for treating fibrosis-related diseases. Here, we review the literature on ASCs treating fibrosis, elaborate and discuss their mechanisms of action, changes in disease environment, ways to enhance therapeutic effects, as well as current preclinical and clinical studies, in order to provide a general picture of ASCs treating fibrotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Jun Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Li-Quan Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yun-Zhu Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jiu-Zuo Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Nan-Ze Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiao Long
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
De Paz D, Aviña AE, Cardona E, Lee CM, Lin CH, Lin CH, Wei FC, Wang AYL. The Mandible Ameliorates Facial Allograft Rejection and Is Associated with the Development of Regulatory T Cells and Mixed Chimerism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11104. [PMID: 34681764 PMCID: PMC8537927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascularized composite allografts contain various tissue components and possess relative antigenicity, eliciting different degrees of alloimmune responses. To investigate the strategies for achieving facial allograft tolerance, we established a mouse hemiface transplant model, including the skin, muscle, mandible, mucosa, and vessels. However, the immunomodulatory effects of the mandible on facial allografts remain unclear. To understand the effects of the mandible on facial allograft survival, we compared the diversities of different facial allograft-elicited alloimmunity between a facial osteomyocutaneous allograft (OMC), including skin, muscle, oral mucosa, and vessels, and especially the mandible, and a myocutaneous allograft (MC) including the skin, muscle, oral mucosa, and vessels, but not the mandible. The different facial allografts of a BALB/c donor were transplanted into a heterotopic neck defect on fully major histocompatibility complex-mismatched C57BL/6 mice. The allogeneic OMC (Allo-OMC) group exhibited significant prolongation of facial allograft survival compared to the allogeneic MC group, both in the presence and absence of FK506 immunosuppressive drugs. With the use of FK506 monotherapy (2 mg/kg) for 21 days, the allo-OMC group, including the mandible, showed prolongation of facial allograft survival of up to 65 days, whereas the myocutaneous allograft, without the mandible, only survived for 34 days. The Allo-OMC group also displayed decreased lymphocyte infiltration into the facial allograft. Both groups showed similar percentages of B cells, T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells in the blood, spleen, and lymph nodes. However, a decrease in pro-inflammatory T helper 1 cells and an increase in anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells were observed in the blood and lymph nodes of the Allo-OMC group. Significantly increased percentages of donor immune cells were also observed in three lymphoid organs of the Allo-OMC group, suggesting mixed chimerism induction. These results indicated that the mandible has the potential to induce anti-inflammatory effects and mixed chimerism for prolonging facial allograft survival. The immunomodulatory understanding of the mandible could contribute to reducing the use of immunosuppressive regimens in clinical face allotransplantation including the mandible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dante De Paz
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (D.D.P.); (A.E.A.); (C.-H.L.); (F.-C.W.)
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-M.L.); (C.-H.L.)
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Police Hospital, Lima 15072, Peru
| | - Ana Elena Aviña
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (D.D.P.); (A.E.A.); (C.-H.L.); (F.-C.W.)
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-M.L.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Esteban Cardona
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Clínica IPS Universitaria León XIII, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Chin-Ming Lee
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-M.L.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Chia-Hsien Lin
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-M.L.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Cheng-Hung Lin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (D.D.P.); (A.E.A.); (C.-H.L.); (F.-C.W.)
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-M.L.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Fu-Chan Wei
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (D.D.P.); (A.E.A.); (C.-H.L.); (F.-C.W.)
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-M.L.); (C.-H.L.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Aline Yen Ling Wang
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-M.L.); (C.-H.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghasemian SO. Application of Exosomes-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Treatment of Fungal Diseases: From Basic to Clinical Sciences. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:736093. [PMID: 37744094 PMCID: PMC10512299 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.736093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungal diseases such as candidiasis are some of the deadliest diseases among immunocompromised patients. These fungi naturally exist on human skin and throughout the digestive system. When the microbiota balance becomes upset, these fungi become pathogenic and potentially lethal. At the pathogenesis of fungal diseases, host immune system response is diverse. At the early stages of fungal pathogenesis such as Candida albicans, it was shown that these fungi use the immune cells of the host body and cause malfunction the early induction of proinflammatory cytokines of the host body leading to a reduction in their numbers. However, at some stages of fungal diseases, the immune response is severe. Despite many treatments already being available, it seems that one of the best treatments could be an immune-stimulatory agent. Some of the subsets of MSCs and exosome-derived cells, as a cell-to-cell communicator agent, have many roles in the human body, including anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects. However, the TLR4-primed and IL-17+ subsets of MSCs have been shown to have immune-stimulatory effects. These subsets of the MSCs produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines. Thus, they could trigger inflammation and stop fungal pathogenesis. As some biological activities and molecules inherit elements of their exosomes from their maternal cells, the exosome-derived TLR4-primed and IL-17+ subsets of MSCs could be a good candidate for fighting against fungal diseases. The applications of exosomes in human diseases are well-known and expanding. It is time to investigate the exosomes application in fungal diseases. In this review, the probable role of exosomes in treating fungal diseases is explored.
Collapse
|