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Immunomolecular response of CD4+, CD8+, TNF-α and IFN-γ in Myxobolus-infected koi (Cyprinus carpio) treated with probiotics. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tolo IE, Bajer PG, Wolf TM, Mor SK, Phelps NBD. Investigation of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) Disease Periods and Factors Influencing CyHV-3 Transmission in A Low Stocking Density Infection Trial. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010002. [PMID: 35011108 PMCID: PMC8749781 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pathogens are the primary limitation to aquaculture production of fish and a major issue in consideration of the interface between cultured and wild populations of fishes worldwide. While rapid spread of fish pathogens between populations (wild or farmed) is generally anthropogenic and the result of trade, the mechanisms of transmission once a pathogen has been introduced to a fish population are not well understood. The most widespread pathogen impacting both aquaculture and wild populations of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, carp) is Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). To understand how CyHV-3 is transmitted in a population we conducted a series of infection trials, designed to determine the kinetics CyHV-3 infections, identify the contributions of direct and indirect forms of CyHV-3 transmission, and to determine the contributions of contact rate, viral load, pathogenicity, and contact type. We found that direct contact between fish was the primary mechanism of CyHV-3 transmission rather than transmission through contaminated water. Additionally, CyHV-3 transmission occurred primarily during the incubation period of CyHV-3, prior to the appearance of disease signs and disease-associated reduction in contact rate. Abstract Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is the etiological agent of koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD) and important pathogen of aquaculture and wild populations of common carp worldwide. Understanding the relative contributions of direct and indirect transmission of CyHV-3 as well as the factors that drive CyHV-3 transmission can clarify the importance of environmental disease vectors and is valuable for informing disease modeling efforts. To study the mechanisms and factors driving CyHV-3 transmission we conducted infection trials that determined the kinetics of KHVD and the contributions of direct and indirect forms of CyHV-3 transmission, as well as the contributions of contact rate, viral load, pathogenicity and contact type. The incubation period of KHVD was 5.88 + 1.75 days and the symptomatic period was 5.31 + 0.87 days. Direct transmission was determined to be the primary mechanism of CyHV-3 transmission (OR = 25.08, 95%CI = 10.73–99.99, p = 4.29 × 10−18) and transmission primarily occurred during the incubation period of KHVD. Direct transmission decreased in the symptomatic period of disease. Transmissibility of CyHV-3 and indirect transmission increased during the symptomatic period of disease, correlating with increased viral loads. Additionally, potential virulence-transmission tradeoffs and disease avoidance behaviors relevant to CyHV-3 transmission were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah E. Tolo
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.E.T.); (P.G.B.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Przemyslaw G. Bajer
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.E.T.); (P.G.B.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Tiffany M. Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Sunil K. Mor
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.E.T.); (P.G.B.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Nicholas B. D. Phelps
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.E.T.); (P.G.B.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Correspondence:
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Costa VA, Mifsud JCO, Gilligan D, Williamson JE, Holmes EC, Geoghegan JL. Metagenomic sequencing reveals a lack of virus exchange between native and invasive freshwater fish across the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab034. [PMID: 34017611 PMCID: PMC8121191 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions are among the biggest threats to freshwater biodiversity. This is increasingly relevant in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, particularly since the introduction of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). This invasive species now occupies up to ninety per cent of fish biomass, with hugely detrimental impacts on native fauna and flora. To address the ongoing impacts of carp, cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) has been proposed as a potentially effective biological control agent. Crucially, however, it is unknown whether CyHV-3 and other cyprinid herpesviruses already exist in the Murray-Darling. Further, little is known about those viruses that naturally occur in wild freshwater fauna, and the frequency with which these viruses jump species boundaries. To document the evolution and diversity of freshwater fish viromes and better understand the ecological context to the proposed introduction of CyHV-3, we performed a meta-transcriptomic viral survey of invasive and native fish across the Murray-Darling Basin, covering over 2,200 km of the river system. Across a total of thirty-six RNA libraries representing ten species, we failed to detect CyHV-3 nor any closely related viruses. Rather, meta-transcriptomic analysis identified eighteen vertebrate-associated viruses that could be assigned to the Arenaviridae, Astroviridae, Bornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Chuviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, Hepeviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, Poxviridae, Reoviridae and Rhabdoviridae families, and a further twenty-seven that were deemed to be associated with non-vertebrate hosts. Notably, we revealed a marked lack of viruses that are shared among invasive and native fish sampled here, suggesting that there is little virus transmission from common carp to native fish species, despite co-existing for over fifty years. Overall, this study provides the first data on the viruses naturally circulating in a major river system and supports the notion that fish harbour a large diversity of viruses with often deep evolutionary histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo A Costa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jonathon C O Mifsud
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Dean Gilligan
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Batemans Bay Fisheries Office, Batemans Bay 2536, Australia
| | - Jane E Williamson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jemma L Geoghegan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, Porirua 5022, New Zealand
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