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Zhang T, Zou P. Interspecies Scaling of Transgene Products for Viral Vector Gene Therapies: Method Assessment Using Data from Eleven Viral Vectors. AAPS J 2023; 25:101. [PMID: 37891410 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The prediction of transgene product expression in human is important to guide first-in-human (FIH) dose selection for viral vector-based gene replacement therapies. Recently, allometric scaling from preclinical data and interspecies normalization of dose-response (D-R) relationship have been used to predict human transgene product expression of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. In this study, we assessed two interspecies allometric scaling methods and two dose-response methods in predicting human transgene product expression of nine intravenously administered AAV vectors, one intramuscularly administered AAV vector, and one intravesical administered adenoviral vector. Among the four methods, normalized D-R method generated the highest prediction accuracy, with geometric mean fold error (GMFE) of 2.9 folds and 75% predictions within fivefold deviations of observed human transgene product levels. The vg/kg-based D-R method worked well for locally delivered vectors but substantially overpredicted human transgene product levels of some hemophilia A and B vectors. For both intravenously and locally administered vectors, the prediction accuracy of allometric scaling using body weight^-0.25 (AS by W^-0.25) was superior to allometric scaling using log(body weight) (AS by logW). This study successfully extended the use of allometric scaling and interspecies D-R normalization methods for human transgene product prediction from intravenous viral vectors to locally delivered viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University-SUNY, 96 Corliss Ave, Johnson City, New York, 13790, USA
| | - Peng Zou
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc, 211 Mt. Airy Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey, 07920, USA.
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Martens LL, Piersanti SJ, Berger A, Kida NA, Deutsch AR, Bertok K, Humphries L, Lassiter A, Hartstone-Rose A. The Effects of Onychectomy (Declawing) on Antebrachial Myology across the Full Body Size Range of Exotic Species of Felidae. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2462. [PMID: 37570271 PMCID: PMC10416871 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While people are familiar with the practice of declawing domestic cats, "onychectomy", as it is also known, is also performed on non-domesticated species, including pantherines, to prolong their use for entertainment purposes. Although the surgery (the partial or complete removal of the distal phalanx) has clear osteological implications, its myological effects have never been studied. As the mass of an animal increases cubically as a product of its volume, while the areas of its paws only increase as a square, larger felids have higher foot pressures and, therefore, the surgery may have particularly substantial functional effects on larger cats. In this study, we evaluate the forearms of clawed and declawed non-domestic felid specimens that spanned the body size range of the whole family to evaluate the effects of onychectomy on muscle fiber architecture. We found that the deep digital flexors (the muscles most directly affected by onychectomy) of declawed felids are significantly lighter (~73%) and less powerful (46-66%) than those of non-declawed felids, while other muscles do not make up for these reductions. Thus, onychectomy has a substantial effect on the myological capabilities of cats, and because these deficiencies are not compensated for in biomechanically disadvantaged larger felids, it probably has even more functionally devastating consequences for these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara L. Martens
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (L.L.M.); (S.J.P.); (A.B.); (N.A.K.); (A.R.D.)
| | - Sarah Jessica Piersanti
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (L.L.M.); (S.J.P.); (A.B.); (N.A.K.); (A.R.D.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Arin Berger
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (L.L.M.); (S.J.P.); (A.B.); (N.A.K.); (A.R.D.)
| | - Nicole A. Kida
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (L.L.M.); (S.J.P.); (A.B.); (N.A.K.); (A.R.D.)
| | - Ashley R. Deutsch
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (L.L.M.); (S.J.P.); (A.B.); (N.A.K.); (A.R.D.)
| | - Kathryn Bertok
- Carolina Tiger Rescue, Pittsboro, NC 27312, USA; (K.B.); (L.H.); (A.L.)
| | - Lauren Humphries
- Carolina Tiger Rescue, Pittsboro, NC 27312, USA; (K.B.); (L.H.); (A.L.)
| | - Angela Lassiter
- Carolina Tiger Rescue, Pittsboro, NC 27312, USA; (K.B.); (L.H.); (A.L.)
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (L.L.M.); (S.J.P.); (A.B.); (N.A.K.); (A.R.D.)
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Nomura T, Takeuchi M, Kim E, Huang Q, Hasegawa Y, Fukuda T. Development of High-Cell-Density Tissue Method for Compressed Modular Bioactuator. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1725. [PMID: 36296079 PMCID: PMC9607352 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioactuators have been developed in many studies in the recent decade for actuators of micro-biorobots. However, bioactuators have not shown the same power as animal muscles. Centrifugal force was used in this study to increase the cell density of cultured muscle cells that make up the bioactuator. The effect of the centrifugal force on cells in the matrix gel before curing was investigated, and the optimal centrifugal force was identified to be around 450× g. The compressed modular bioactuator (C-MBA) fabricated in this study exhibited 1.71 times higher cell density than the conventional method. In addition, the contractile force per unit cross-sectional area was 1.88 times higher. The proposed method will contribute to new bioactuators with the same power as living muscles in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Nomura
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648603, Japan
| | - Masaru Takeuchi
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648603, Japan
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648603, Japan
| | - Qiang Huang
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yasuhisa Hasegawa
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648603, Japan
| | - Toshio Fukuda
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648603, Japan
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Deutsch AR, Dickinson E, Whichard VA, Lagomarsino GR, Perry JMG, Kupczik K, Hartstone-Rose A. Primate body mass and dietary correlates of tooth root surface area. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:4-26. [PMID: 36787710 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to examine primate postcanine tooth root surface area (TRSA) in the context of two ecological variables (diet and bite force). We also assess scaling relationships within distinct taxonomic groups and across the order as a whole. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mandibular postcanine TRSA was measured using a three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) method for catarrhine (N = 27), platyrrhine (N = 21), and strepsirrhine (N = 24) taxa; this represents the first sample of strepsirrhines. Two different body size proxies were used: cranial geometric mean (GM) using nine linear measurements, and literature-derived body mass (BM). RESULTS TRSA correlated strongly with body size, scaling with positive allometry or isometry across the order as a whole; however, scaling differed significantly between taxa for some teeth. Among Strepsirrhini, molar TRSA relative to GM differed significantly between folivores and pliant-object feeders. Additionally, P4 TRSA relative to BM differentiated folivores from both hard- and pliant-object feeders. Among Cercopithecoidea, P4 TRSA adjusted by GM differed between hard- and pliant-object feeders. DISCUSSION Dietary signals in TRSA appear primarily driven by high frequency loading experienced by folivores. Stronger and more frequent dietary signals were observed within Strepsirrhini relative to Haplorhini. This may reflect the constraints of orthognathism within the latter, constraining the adaptability of their postcanine teeth. Finally, because of the strong correlation between TRSA and BM for each tooth locus (mean r2 = 0.82), TRSA can be used to predict BM in fossil primates using provided equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Deutsch
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victoria A Whichard
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Giulia R Lagomarsino
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan M G Perry
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon, USA
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Anthropology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Dickinson E, Davis JS, Deutsch AR, Patel D, Nijhawan A, Patel M, Blume A, Gannon JL, Turcotte CM, Walker CS, Hartstone-Rose A. Evaluating bony predictors of bite force across the order Carnivora. J Morphol 2021; 282:1499-1513. [PMID: 34313337 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In carnivorans, bite force is a critical and ecologically informative variable that has been correlated with multiple morphological, behavioral, and environmental attributes. Whereas in vivo measures of biting performance are difficult to obtain in many taxa-and impossible in extinct species-numerous osteological proxies exist for estimating masticatory muscle size and force. These proxies include both volumetric approximations of muscle dimensions and direct measurements of muscular attachment sites. In this study, we compare three cranial osteological techniques for estimating muscle size (including 2D-photographic and 3D-surface data approaches) against dissection-derived muscle weights and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) within the jaw adductor musculature of 40 carnivoran taxa spanning eight families, four orders of magnitude in body size, and the full dietary spectrum of the order. Our results indicate that 3D-approaches provide more accurate estimates of muscle size than do surfaces measured from 2D-lateral photographs. However, estimates of a muscle's maximum cross-sectional area are more closely correlated with muscle mass and PCSA than any estimates derived from muscle attachment areas. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for muscle thickness in osteological estimations of the masticatory musculature; as muscles become volumetrically larger, their larger cross-sectional area does not appear to be associated with a proportional increase in the attachment site area. Though volumetric approaches approximate muscle dimensions well across the order as a whole, caution should be exercised when applying any single method as a predictor across diverse phylogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jillian S Davis
- Pathology, Anatomy, and Laboratory Medicine Department, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ashley R Deutsch
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dhuru Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Akash Nijhawan
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meet Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abby Blume
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jordan L Gannon
- Biology Department, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cassandra M Turcotte
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher S Walker
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Leonard KC, Worden N, Boettcher ML, Dickinson E, Hartstone-Rose A. Effects of long-term ethanol storage on muscle architecture. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:184-198. [PMID: 33843155 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Muscle excursion and force potential can be estimated from architectural variables, including mass, volume, fascicle length, and density. These have been collected from fresh specimens, preserved specimens, and sometimes mixed samples of both. However, preservation alters the gross morphology of muscles. This study aims to quantify the effects of long-term storage on myological properties across a sample of fresh and ethanol preserved Mus musculus specimens ranging in storage time from 16 to 130 years. Masses, volumes, and densities of biceps femoris, quadriceps femoris, and triceps surae were measured, and histological cross-sections of some specimens were used to evaluate the microscale effects of long-term fluid preservation. For the remainder of the sample, chemically dissected fascicle lengths were measured to evaluate the fixation effects on the linear dimensions of muscle architecture. Relative muscle mass, volume, fascicle length, average fiber area, and density, and percent fiber area were regressed against years stored in ethanol. Muscle size dropped steeply between fresh and stored samples, ultimately decreasing by 62 and 60%, respectively. These losses correlate with histologically measured shrinking of average muscle fiber area. Density of stored specimens plateaued 5% below that of fresh ones. Although muscles lost mass and volume during ethanol storage, fascicle lengths did not shorten significantly (presumably because they were preserved attached on either end to bone). This study demonstrates that muscle mass, volume, and density of specimens stored long-term in ethanol should be corrected by factors of 2.64, 2.49, and 1.054 respectively for comparability to fresh specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn C Leonard
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Meredith College, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nikole Worden
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marissa L Boettcher
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Leonard KC, Worden N, Boettcher ML, Dickinson E, Hartstone-Rose A. Effects of freezing and short-term fixation on muscle mass, volume, and density. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:199-208. [PMID: 33843149 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Preventing postmortem deterioration of soft-tissues is an important requisite of anatomical research. In order to provide corrections for potential myological distortions, this study quantifies the acute effects of freezing, formalin fixation and ethanol storage using muscles from (n = 46) rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Bilateral dissections of specific muscles were performed and each side was assigned to a different preparation group (fresh, formalin fixation only, fixation followed by short duration ethanol storage, and freezing once or twice). We demonstrate that short-term freezing at -20C and thawing have no significant effect on muscle mass, volume, and density while short-term formalin fixation and ethanol storage significantly reduces mass and volume (density remains relatively constant.) Although freezing may have less of an effect on the gross morphometric characteristics of the musculature than ethanol storage, slow freezing damages muscle microanatomy, and therefore, faster freezing and other modes of preservation such as formalin fixation and ethanol storage may be preferable. Based on our results, we derived the following correction factors for each preparation: the mass of specimens stored in 70% ethanol should be multiplied by 1.69 to approximate fresh muscle mass, and specimens fixed in 10% formalin multiplied by 1.32. Although not significant, specimens frozen-once were slightly less massive and could be multiplied by 1.03 (frozen-twice ×1.09). The volumetric corrections are: ethanol 1.64; 10% formalin 1.32; frozen-once 1.03; frozen-twice 1.10. While the density of ethanol preserved specimens is slightly less than that of fresh ones (correction: 1.03), those preserved in formalin and frozen maintain nearly the same density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn C Leonard
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Meredith College, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nikole Worden
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marissa L Boettcher
- Medical University of South Carolina, College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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