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Fanlo-Zarazaga A, Echevarría JI, Pinilla J, Alejandre A, Pérez-Roche T, Gutiérrez D, Ortín M, Pueyo V. Validation of a New Digital and Automated Color Perception Test. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:396. [PMID: 38396435 PMCID: PMC10888327 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although color vision deficiencies are very prevalent, there are no ideal methods for assessing color vision in all environments. We compared a new digital and automated method that quantifies color perception for the three protan, deutan, and tritan axes with two of the most commonly used color tests in daily practice: the Ishihara 38 plates test and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test. One hundred patients underwent a triple examination composed of the new DIVE Color Test, the Ishihara test, and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test. The DIVE Color Test was performed twice in forty participants to assess its repeatability. In the trichromatic group, the mean age stood at 20.57 ± 9.22 years compared with 25.99 ± 15.86 years in the dyschromatic group. The DIVE and Ishihara tests exhibited excellent agreement in identifying participants with color deficiency (Cohen's kappa = 1.00), while it was 0.81 when comparing DIVE and Farnsworth. The correlation between the global perception values of Farnsworth (TES) and DIVE (GCS) was 0.80. The repeatability of the DIVE Color Test was high according to Bland-Altman analysis with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.83. According to Ishihara, the DIVE Color Test proved to be an effective and reproducible tool for red-green color vision deficiency detection, capable of determining the severity of the defect in each of the three axes faster and more accurately than both Ishihara and Farnsworth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Fanlo-Zarazaga
- Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Isabel la Católica, 3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), San Juan Bosco 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- DIVE Medical S.L., Paseo Miramón 170, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Echevarría
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 1, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Pinilla
- Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Isabel la Católica, 3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), San Juan Bosco 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Adrián Alejandre
- DIVE Medical S.L., Paseo Miramón 170, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Teresa Pérez-Roche
- Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Isabel la Católica, 3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), San Juan Bosco 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 1, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Ortín
- DIVE Medical S.L., Paseo Miramón 170, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Victoria Pueyo
- Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Isabel la Católica, 3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), San Juan Bosco 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Domingo Miral, s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Yadav G, Narayanan R, Hathibelagal AR. Chromatic and flicker threshold changes in age-related macular degeneration following anti-VEGF treatment. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 105:313-319. [PMID: 33941047 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2021.1916384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical relevance: Red-green chromatic sensitivity and photopic (cone-mediated) flicker sensitivity showed marked improvement after anti-VEGF treatment. The use of flicker and chromatic sensitivities as potential functional tests to monitor treatment outcomes in age-related macular degeneration highlights the clinical importance.Background: High-contrast visual acuity (VA) is not a sensitive clinical marker in the management of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Therefore, flicker and chromatic sensitivity changes were assessed following anti-VEGF treatment in subjects with neovascular AMD.Methods: Subjects diagnosed with neovascular AMD were recruited. VA was measured using a COMPlog chart. Flicker (in central 5°) and chromatic thresholds (red-green and yellow-blue) were measured using Flicker-plus test and Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) tests, respectively. Baseline thresholds and foveal thickness were measured on the same day, just before anti-VEGF injection delivery and 5 weeks ± 5 days later.Results: Thirteen subjects (8 males, 5 females) with a mean age of 67.5 ± 8.2 years completed the study. Median VA was not significantly different post-treatment (0.57 logMAR [~6/22: Snellen equivalent], IQR: 0.33) compared to baseline (0.56 logMAR, IQR: 0.33), Wilcoxon matched-pair test, p = 0.55). Median Red-Green thresholds improved significantly post-treatment (22.15 CAD units, IQR: 26.06, n = 9), compared to baseline (24.24 CAD units, IQR: 26.21, p = 0.02). Median photopic and mesopic FMT did not show significant change post treatment compared to baseline (p > 0.01, statistical significance of p-value corrected for multiple comparisons was set to 0.01). Similarly, the foveal thickness was not significantly different at post-treatment visit than baseline (p = 0.53).Conclusion: Red/green sensitivity recovered better than yellow/blue sensitivity, thus, providing insight into recovery mechanisms in AMD and usefulness of these tests as clinical markers in the management of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Yadav
- Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Raja Narayanan
- Smt Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Diseases, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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