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Pandey PK, Gonzalez G, Cheong F, Chen CB, Bettiol AA, Chen Y, Xiang L. Ionic-resolution protoacoustic microscopy: A feasibility study. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2024; 124:053702. [PMID: 38313557 PMCID: PMC10838192 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Visualizing micro- and nano-scale biological entities requires high-resolution imaging and is conventionally achieved via optical microscopic techniques. Optical diffraction limits their resolution to ∼200 nm. This limit can be overcome by using ions with ∼1 MeV energy. Such ions penetrate through several micrometers in tissues, and their much shorter de Broglie wavelengths indicate that these ion beams can be focused to much shorter scales and hence can potentially facilitate higher resolution as compared to the optical techniques. Proton microscopy with ∼1 MeV protons has been shown to have reasonable inherent contrast between sub-cellular organelles. However, being a transmission-based modality, it is unsuitable for in vivo studies and cannot facilitate three-dimensional imaging from a single raster scan. Here, we propose proton-induced acoustic microscopy (PrAM), a technique based on pulsed proton irradiation and proton-induced acoustic signal collection. This technique is capable of label-free, super-resolution, 3D imaging with a single raster scan. Converting radiation energy into ultrasound enables PrAM with reflection mode detection, making it suitable for in vivo imaging and probing deeper than proton scanning transmission ion microscopy (STIM). Using a proton STIM image of HeLa cells, a coupled Monte Carlo+k-wave simulations-based feasibility study has been performed to demonstrate the capabilities of PrAM. We demonstrate that sub-50 nm lateral (depending upon the beam size and energy) and sub-micron axial resolution (based on acoustic detection bandwidth and proton beam pulse width) can be obtained using the proposed modality. By enabling visualization of biological phenomena at cellular and subcellular levels, this high-resolution microscopic technique enhances understanding of intricate cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabodh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Gilberto Gonzalez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Frederick Cheong
- Centre for Ion Beam Applications, Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Ce-Belle Chen
- Centre for Ion Beam Applications, Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Andrew A. Bettiol
- Centre for Ion Beam Applications, Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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Lovatti G, Nitta M, Javad Safari M, Gianoli C, Pinto M, Dedes G, Zoglauer A, Thirolf PG, Parodi K. Design study of a novel geometrical arrangement for an in-beam small animal positron emission tomography scanner. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:235005. [PMID: 37906973 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective.We designed a geometrical solution for a small animal in-beam positron emission tomography (PET) scanner to be used in the project SIRMIO (Small animal proton irradiator for research in molecular image-guided radiation-oncology). The system is based on 56 scintillator blocks of pixelated LYSO crystals. The crystals are arranged providing a pyramidal-step shape to optimize the geometrical coverage in a spherical configuration.Approach.Different arrangements have been simulated and compared in terms of spatial resolution and sensitivity. The chosen setup enables us to reach a good trade-off between a solid angle coverage and sufficient available space for the integration of additional components of the first design prototype of the SIRMIO platform. The possibility of moving the mouse holder inside the PET scanner furthermore allows for achieving the optimum placement of the irradiation area for all the possible tumor positions in the body of the mouse. The work also includes a study of the scintillator material where LYSO and GAGG are compared with a focus on the random coincidence noise due to the natural radioactivity of Lutetium in LYSO, justifying the choice of LYSO for the development of the final system.Main results.The best imaging performance can be achieved with a sub-millimeter spatial resolution and sensitivity of 10% in the center of the scanner, as verified in thorough simulations of point sources. The simulation of realistic irradiation scenarios of proton beams in PMMA targets with/without air gaps indicates the ability of the proposed PET system to detect range shifts down to 0.2 mm.Significance.The presented results support the choice of the identified optimal design for a novel spherical in-beam PET scanner which is currently under commissioning for application to small animal proton and light ion irradiation, and which might find also application, e.g. for biological image-guidance in x-ray irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Lovatti
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Munetaka Nitta
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Mohammad Javad Safari
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Chiara Gianoli
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Pinto
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Georgios Dedes
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Zoglauer
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
| | - Peter G Thirolf
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Katia Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
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Caron J, Gonzalez G, Pandey PK, Wang S, Prather K, Ahmad S, Xiang L, Chen Y. Single pulse protoacoustic range verification using a clinical synchrocyclotron. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:10.1088/1361-6560/acb2ae. [PMID: 36634371 PMCID: PMC10567060 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acb2ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Proton therapy as the next generation radiation-based cancer therapy offers dominant advantages over conventional radiation therapy due to the utilization of the Bragg peak; however, range uncertainty in beam delivery substantially mitigates the advantages of proton therapy. This work reports using protoacoustic measurements to determine the location of proton Bragg peak deposition within a water phantom in real time during beam delivery.Approach.In protoacoustics, proton beams have a definitive range, depositing a majority of the dose at the Bragg peak; this dose is then converted to heat. The resulting thermoelastic expansion generates a 3D acoustic wave, which can be detected by acoustic detectors to localize the Bragg peak.Main results.Protoacoustic measurements were performed with a synchrocyclotron proton machine over the exhaustive energy range from 45.5 to 227.15 MeV in clinic. It was found that the amplitude of the acoustic waves is proportional to proton dose deposition, and therefore encodes dosimetric information. With the guidance of protoacoustics, each individual proton beam (7 pC/pulse) can be directly visualized with sub-millimeter (<0.7 mm) resolution using single beam pulse for the first time.Significance.The ability to localize the Bragg peak in real-time and obtain acoustic signals proportional to dose within tumors could enable precision proton therapy and hope to progress towardsin vivomeasurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Caron
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Gilberto Gonzalez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Prabodh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Siqi Wang
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
| | - Kiana Prather
- University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Salahuddin Ahmad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Liangzhong Xiang
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
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Deurvorst FR, Collado Lara G, Matalliotakis A, Vos HJ, de Jong N, Daeichin V, Verweij MD. A spatial and temporal characterisation of single proton acoustic waves in proton beam cancer therapy. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 151:1200. [PMID: 35232071 DOI: 10.1121/10.0009567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An in vivo range verification technology for proton beam cancer therapy, preferably in real-time and with submillimeter resolution, is desired to reduce the present uncertainty in dose localization. Acoustical imaging technologies exploiting possible local interactions between protons and microbubbles or nanodroplets might be an interesting option. Unfortunately, a theoretical model capable of characterising the acoustical field generated by an individual proton on nanometer and micrometer scales is still missing. In this work, such a model is presented. The proton acoustic field is generated by the adiabatic expansion of a region that is locally heated by a passing proton. To model the proton heat deposition, secondary electron production due to protons has been quantified using a semi-empirical model based on Rutherford's scattering theory, which reproduces experimentally obtained electronic stopping power values for protons in water within 10% over the full energy range. The electrons transfer energy into heat via electron-phonon coupling to atoms along the proton track. The resulting temperature increase is calculated using an inelastic thermal spike model. Heat deposition can be regarded as instantaneous, thus, stress confinement is ensured and acoustical initial conditions are set. The resulting thermoacoustic field in the nanometer and micrometer range from the single proton track is computed by solving the thermoacoustic wave equation using k-space Green's functions, yielding the characteristic amplitudes and frequencies present in the acoustic signal generated by a single proton in an aqueous medium. Wavefield expansion and asymptotic approximations are used to extend the spatial and temporal ranges of the proton acoustic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Deurvorst
- Medical Imaging, Imaging Physics, Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - G Collado Lara
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Matalliotakis
- Medical Imaging, Imaging Physics, Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - H J Vos
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N de Jong
- Medical Imaging, Imaging Physics, Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - V Daeichin
- Medical Imaging, Imaging Physics, Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - M D Verweij
- Medical Imaging, Imaging Physics, Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
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Wieser HP, Huang Y, Schauer J, Lascaud J, Würl M, Lehrack S, Radonic D, Vidal M, Hérault J, Chmyrov A, Ntziachristos V, Assmann W, Parodi K, Dollinger G. Experimental demonstration of accurate Bragg peak localization with ionoacoustic tandem phase detection (iTPD). Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34847532 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac3ead] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Accurate knowledge of the exact stopping location of ions inside the patient would allow full exploitation of their ballistic properties for patient treatment. The localized energy deposition of a pulsed particle beam induces a rapid temperature increase of the irradiated volume and leads to the emission of ionoacoustic (IA) waves. Detecting the time-of-flight (ToF) of the IA wave allows inferring information on the Bragg peak location and can henceforth be used forin-vivorange verification. A challenge for IA is the poor signal-to-noise ratio at clinically relevant doses and viable machines. We present a frequency-based measurement technique, labeled as ionoacoustic tandem phase detection (iTPD) utilizing lock-in amplifiers. The phase shift of the IA signal to a reference signal is measured to derive theToF. Experimental IA measurements with a 3.5 MHz lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducer and lock-in amplifiers were performed in water using 22 MeV proton bursts. A digital iTPD was performedin-silicoat clinical dose levels on experimental data obtained from a clinical facility and secondly, on simulations emulating a heterogeneous geometry. For the experimental setup using 22 MeV protons, a localization accuracy and precision obtained through iTPD deviates from a time-based reference analysis by less than 15μm. Several methodological aspects were investigated experimentally in systematic manner. Lastly, iTPD was evaluatedin-silicofor clinical beam energies indicating that iTPD is in reach of sub-mm accuracy for fractionated doses < 5 Gy. iTPD can be used to accurately measure theToFof IA signals online via its phase shift in frequency domain. An application of iTPD to the clinical scenario using a single pulsed beam is feasible but requires further development to reach <1 Gy detection capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Wieser
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Y Huang
- Chair of Biological Imaging (CBI) and Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) Technical University Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Schauer
- Institute for Applied Physics and Metrology, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universität der Bundeswehr München, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - J Lascaud
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - M Würl
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - S Lehrack
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - D Radonic
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - M Vidal
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne-Fédération Claude Lalanne, 227 avenue de Lanterne, F-06200 Nice, France
| | - J Hérault
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne-Fédération Claude Lalanne, 227 avenue de Lanterne, F-06200 Nice, France
| | - A Chmyrov
- Chair of Biological Imaging (CBI) and Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) Technical University Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - V Ntziachristos
- Chair of Biological Imaging (CBI) and Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) Technical University Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - W Assmann
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - K Parodi
- Department for Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - G Dollinger
- Institute for Applied Physics and Metrology, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universität der Bundeswehr München, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany
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Light-guided tumor diagnosis and therapeutics: from nanoclusters to polyoxometalates. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lascaud J, Dash P, Wieser HP, Kalunga R, Würl M, Assmann W, Parodi K. Investigating the accuracy of co-registered ionoacoustic and ultrasound images in pulsed proton beams. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34438378 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac215e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The sharp spatial and temporal dose gradients of pulsed ion beams result in an acoustic emission (ionoacoustics), which can be used to reconstruct the dose distribution from measurements at different positions. The accuracy of range verification from ionoacoustic images measured with an ultrasound linear array configuration is investigated both theoretically and experimentally for monoenergetic proton beams at energies relevant for pre-clinical studies (20 and 22 MeV). The influence of the linear sensor array arrangement (length up to 4 cm and number of elements from 5 to 200) and medium properties on the range estimation accuracy are assessed using time-reversal reconstruction. We show that for an ideal homogeneous case, the ionoacoustic images enable a range verification with a relative error lower than 0.1%, however, with limited lateral dose accuracy. Similar results were obtained experimentally by irradiating a water phantom and taking into account the spatial impulse response (geometry) of the acoustic detector during the reconstruction of pressures obtained by moving laterally a single-element transducer to mimic a linear array configuration. Finally, co-registered ionoacoustic and ultrasound images were investigated using silicone inserts immersed in the water phantom across the proton beam axis. By accounting for the sensor response and speed of sound variations (deduced from co-registration with ultrasound images) the accuracy is improved to a few tens of micrometers (relative error less than to 0.5%), confirming the promise of ongoing developments for ionoacoustic range verification in pre-clinical and clinical proton therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lascaud
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Pratik Dash
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Wieser
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Ronaldo Kalunga
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Matthias Würl
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Walter Assmann
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Katia Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching b. München, Germany
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Toumia Y, Miceli R, Domenici F, Heymans SV, Carlier B, Cociorb M, Oddo L, Rossi P, D'Angellilo RM, Sterpin E, D'Agostino E, Van Den Abeele K, D'hooge J, Paradossi G. Ultrasound-assisted investigation of photon triggered vaporization of poly(vinylalcohol) phase-change nanodroplets: A preliminary concept study with dosimetry perspective. Phys Med 2021; 89:232-242. [PMID: 34425514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigate the vaporization of phase-change ultrasound contrast agents using photon radiation for dosimetry perspectives in radiotherapy. METHODS We studied superheated perfluorobutane nanodroplets with a crosslinked poly(vinylalcohol) shell. The nanodroplets' physico-chemical properties, and their acoustic transition have been assessed firstly. Then, poly(vinylalcohol)-perfluorobutane nanodroplets were dispersed in poly(acrylamide) hydrogel phantoms and exposed to a photon beam. We addressed the effect of several parameters influencing the nanodroplets radiation sensitivity (energy/delivered dose/dose rate/temperature). The nanodroplets-vaporization post-photon exposure was evaluated using ultrasound imaging at a low mechanical index. RESULTS Poly(vinylalcohol)-perfluorobutane nanodroplets show a good colloidal stability over four weeks and remain highly stable at temperatures up to 78 °C. Nanodroplets acoustically-triggered phase transition leads to microbubbles with diameters <10 μm and an activation threshold of mechanical index = 0.4, at 7.5 MHz. A small number of vaporization events occur post-photon exposure (6MV/15MV), at doses between 2 and 10 Gy, leading to ultrasound contrast increase up to 60% at RT. The nanodroplets become efficiently sensitive to photons when heated to a temperature of 65 °C (while remaining below the superheat limit temperature) during irradiation. CONCLUSIONS Nanodroplets' core is linked to the degree of superheat in the metastable state and plays a critical role in determining nanodroplet' stability and sensitivity to ionizing radiation, requiring higher or lower linear energy transfer vaporization thresholds. While poly(vinylalcohol)-perfluorobutane nanodroplets could be slightly activated by photons at ambient conditions, a good balance between the degree of superheat and stability will aim at optimizing the design of nanodroplets to reach high sensitivity to photons at physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Toumia
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy; INFN sez.Roma Tor Vergata, Italy.
| | - Roberto Miceli
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Tor Vergata (PTV), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Fabio Domenici
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy; INFN sez.Roma Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Sophie V Heymans
- Department of Physics, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Carlier
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Madalina Cociorb
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy; DoseVue, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Letizia Oddo
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Piero Rossi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, PTV, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Rolando Maria D'Angellilo
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Tor Vergata (PTV), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Jan D'hooge
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gaio Paradossi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy; INFN sez.Roma Tor Vergata, Italy
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