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Nheu D, Petratos S. How does Nogo-A signalling influence mitochondrial function during multiple sclerosis pathogenesis? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105767. [PMID: 38885889 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe neurological disorder that involves inflammation in the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve with key disabling neuropathological outcomes being axonal damage and demyelination. When degeneration of the axo-glial union occurs, a consequence of inflammatory damage to central nervous system (CNS) myelin, dystrophy and death can lead to large membranous structures from dead oligodendrocytes and degenerative myelin deposited in the extracellular milieu. For the first time, this review covers mitochondrial mechanisms that may be operative during MS-related neurodegenerative changes directly activated during accumulating extracellular deposits of myelin associated inhibitory factors (MAIFs), that include the potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth, Nogo-A. Axonal damage may occur when Nogo-A binds to and signals through its cognate receptor, NgR1, a multimeric complex, to initially stall axonal transport and limit the delivery of important growth-dependent cargo and subcellular organelles such as mitochondria for metabolic efficiency at sites of axo-glial disintegration as a consequence of inflammation. Metabolic efficiency in axons fails during active demyelination and progressive neurodegeneration, preceded by stalled transport of functional mitochondria to fuel axo-glial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Nheu
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3004, Australia.
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2
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Balasubramaniam M, Mokhtar AMA. Past and present discovery of the BAFF/APRIL system - A bibliometric study from 1999 to 2023. Cell Signal 2024; 120:111201. [PMID: 38714287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Cytokines from the Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) family are important regulators of both physiological and pathological processes. The discovery of novel TNF ligands and receptors, BAFF and APRIL, have opened up new possibilities for scientists to explore the effect of these cytokines on the human immune system. The role of BAFF/APRIL system in B lymphocytes is particularly important for survival and maintenance of homeostasis. Aberrant expression of the system is associated with various immunological disorders. Hence, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the past and present BAFF/APRIL system research development in a bibliometric perspective. To our best knowledge, this is the first ever bibliometric analysis conducted focusing on the BAFF/APRIL system. A total of 1055 relevant documents were retrieved from WoSCC. Microsoft Excel, VOSviewer, and Biblioshiny of R studio were bibliometric tools used to analyse the scientific literature. From 1999, the annual publications showed an upward trend, with Journal of Immunology being the most productive journal. USA leads the race for BAFF/APRIL system research developments. Pascal Schneider, a senior researcher affiliated with University of Lausanne, Switzerland was recognised as the most productive author and institution in the BAFF/APRIL system research field. The research focus transitioned from focusing on the role of the system in B cell biology, to immunological disorders and finally to development of BAFF/APRIL targeting drugs. Despite several studies elucidating briefly the pathway mechanism of BAFF/APRIL system in B-cell selection, substantial research on the mechanism of action in disease models and T cell activation and development of immunomodulating drugs from natural origins remains largely unexplored. Therefore, future research focusing on these areas are crucial for the deeper understanding of the system in disease manifestations and progression allowing a better treatment management for various immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muggunna Balasubramaniam
- Small G protein Research Group, Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia; Green Biopolymer Coating and Packaging Centre, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ana Masara Ahmad Mokhtar
- Small G protein Research Group, Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia; Green Biopolymer Coating and Packaging Centre, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.
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3
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Rajendran R, Rajendran V, Böttiger G, Stadelmann C, Shirvanchi K, von Au L, Bhushan S, Wallendszus N, Schunin D, Westbrock V, Liebisch G, Ergün S, Karnati S, Berghoff M. The small molecule fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor infigratinib exerts anti-inflammatory effects and remyelination in a model of multiple sclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2989-3007. [PMID: 37400950 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fibroblast growth factors and receptors (FGFR) have been shown to modulate inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). The selective FGFR inhibitor infigratinib has been shown to be effective in cancer models. Here, we investigate the effects of infigratinib on prevention and suppression of first clinical episodes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 -induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The FGFR inhibitor infigratinib was given over 10 days from the time of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction or the onset of symptoms. The effects of infigratinib on proliferation, cytotoxicity and FGFR signalling proteins were studied in lymphocyte cell lines and microglial cells. KEY RESULTS Administration of infigratinib prevented by 40% and inhibited by 65% first clinical episodes of the induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In the spinal cord, infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages/microglia, destruction of myelin and axons were reduced by infigratinib. Infigratinib enhanced the maturation of oligodendrocytes and increased remyelination. In addition, infigratinib resulted in an increase of myelin proteins and a decrease in remyelination inhibitors. Further, lipids associated with neurodegeneration such as lysophosphatidylcholine and ceramide were decreased as were proliferation of T cells and microglial cells. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This proof of concept study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of targeting FGFRs in a disease model of multiple sclerosis. Application of oral infigratinib resulted in anti-inflammatory and remyelinating effects. Thus, infigratinib may have the potential to slow disease progression or even to improve the disabling symptoms of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjithkumar Rajendran
- Experimental Neurology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Vinothkumar Rajendran
- Experimental Neurology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gregor Böttiger
- Experimental Neurology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kian Shirvanchi
- Experimental Neurology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Laureen von Au
- Experimental Neurology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sudhanshu Bhushan
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natascha Wallendszus
- Experimental Neurology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Darja Schunin
- Experimental Neurology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Victor Westbrock
- Experimental Neurology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Berghoff
- Experimental Neurology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Gupta K, Kesharwani A, Rua S, Singh SS, Siu C, Jank L, Smith MD, Calabresi PA, Bhargava P. BAFF blockade in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis reduces inflammation in the meninges and synaptic and neuronal loss in adjacent brain regions. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:229. [PMID: 37805549 PMCID: PMC10559498 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has traditionally been viewed as a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the white matter of the central nervous system. However, over the past two decades, increasing evidence has highlighted the role of gray matter pathology in MS-related disability. Numerous studies have linked the presence of leptomeningeal inflammation to a more severe disease course, underscoring its potential importance as a driver of gray matter pathology in MS. The major components of leptomeningeal inflammation include T cells, B cells, macrophages, follicular dendritic cells, and plasma cells. Since BAFF [B cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family] promotes B cell survival and maturation and is a co-stimulator of T cells, we used anti-BAFF antibody 10F4 as a BAFF antagonist to study its effect on meningeal inflammation and adjacent brain regions in a relapsing-remitting PLP-EAE (rr-EAE) model of multiple sclerosis in SJL/J mice. rr-EAE mice were treated either with anti-BAFF antibody 10F4 or with IgG control antibody. We performed ultra-high field (11.7 T) MRI to identify areas of meningeal inflammation and track them over time in both treatment groups. We also performed histopathological analysis in brain sections of these mice to study the effects of the BAFF antagonist on leptomeningeal inflammation, and hippocampal and cortical neurons and synapses. We observed that BAFF antagonist treatment reduced B cells, T cells, and myeloid cells in regions of meningeal inflammation. Additionally, we noted that BAFF treatment protected against EAE-induced synaptic and neuronal loss in the adjacent cortex and in the CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus regions of the hippocampus likely due to its effects on meningeal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanak Gupta
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Pathology Building, 600 N. Wolfe St., Pathology 627, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Ajay Kesharwani
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Pathology Building, 600 N. Wolfe St., Pathology 627, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Steven Rua
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Pathology Building, 600 N. Wolfe St., Pathology 627, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Saumitra Sen Singh
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Pathology Building, 600 N. Wolfe St., Pathology 627, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Catherine Siu
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Pathology Building, 600 N. Wolfe St., Pathology 627, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Larissa Jank
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Pathology Building, 600 N. Wolfe St., Pathology 627, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Matthew D Smith
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Pathology Building, 600 N. Wolfe St., Pathology 627, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Pathology Building, 600 N. Wolfe St., Pathology 627, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Pavan Bhargava
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Pathology Building, 600 N. Wolfe St., Pathology 627, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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5
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Coutinho Costa VG, Araújo SES, Alves-Leon SV, Gomes FCA. Central nervous system demyelinating diseases: glial cells at the hub of pathology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1135540. [PMID: 37261349 PMCID: PMC10227605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1135540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IDDs) are among the main causes of inflammatory and neurodegenerative injury of the central nervous system (CNS) in young adult patients. Of these, multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent and studied, as it affects about a million people in the USA alone. The understanding of the mechanisms underlying their pathology has been advancing, although there are still no highly effective disease-modifying treatments for the progressive symptoms and disability in the late stages of disease. Among these mechanisms, the action of glial cells upon lesion and regeneration has become a prominent research topic, helped not only by the discovery of glia as targets of autoantibodies, but also by their role on CNS homeostasis and neuroinflammation. In the present article, we discuss the participation of glial cells in IDDs, as well as their association with demyelination and synaptic dysfunction throughout the course of the disease and in experimental models, with a focus on MS phenotypes. Further, we discuss the involvement of microglia and astrocytes in lesion formation and organization, remyelination, synaptic induction and pruning through different signaling pathways. We argue that evidence of the several glia-mediated mechanisms in the course of CNS demyelinating diseases supports glial cells as viable targets for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheila Espírito-Santo Araújo
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Soniza Vieira Alves-Leon
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Montilla A, Zabala A, Er-Lukowiak M, Rissiek B, Magnus T, Rodriguez-Iglesias N, Sierra A, Matute C, Domercq M. Microglia and meningeal macrophages depletion delays the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:16. [PMID: 36635255 PMCID: PMC9835747 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis and the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, both resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages contribute to demyelination as well as spontaneous remyelination. Nevertheless, the specific roles of microglia versus macrophages are unknown. We investigated the influence of microglia in EAE using the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) inhibitor, PLX5622, to deplete microglial population and Ccr2RFP/+ fmsEGFP/+ mice, to distinguish blood-derived macrophages from microglia. PLX5622 treatment depleted microglia and meningeal macrophages, and provoked a massive infiltration of CCR2+ macrophages into demyelinating lesions and spinal cord parenchyma, albeit it did not alter EAE chronic phase. In contrast, microglia and meningeal macrophages depletion reduced the expression of major histocompatibility complex II and CD80 co-stimulatory molecule in dendritic cells, macrophages and microglia. In addition, it diminished T cell reactivation and proliferation in the spinal cord parenchyma, inducing a significant delay in EAE onset. Altogether, these data point to a specific role of CNS microglia and meningeal macrophages in antigen presentation and T cell reactivation at initial stages of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Montilla
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Alazne Zabala
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Marco Er-Lukowiak
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Noelia Rodriguez-Iglesias
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Amanda Sierra
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation, E-48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain.
| | - María Domercq
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain.
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7
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Distinct binding mode of BAFF antagonist antibodies belimumab and tabalumab, analyzed by computer simulation. J Mol Model 2022; 28:292. [PMID: 36063219 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
B cell-activating factor (BAFF) can bind with specific receptors to activate signalling pathways associated with the B cell activation. Belimumab and tabalumab are anti-BAFF (B cell depleting) monoclonal antibodies, with therapeutic efficacy demonstrated for the treatment of autoimmune disorders, while belimumab was approved by FDA in 2011 as a targeted therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and exhibited better clinical outcome than tabalumab. In this investigation, the combination modes of BAFF-belimumab and BAFF-tabalumab complexes were simulated in silico to better understand the reason for the comparative inhibitory difference between belimumab and tabalumab. The structures of belimumab and tabalumab were constructed through homology modelling. The combination mode of BAFF-belimumab complex was analyzed by molecular dynamics simulation, while that of BAFF-tabalumab complex was analyzed by protein-protein docking following the molecular dynamics simulation. Both belimumab and tabalumab were bound with BAFF at the same hydrophobic center to which the natural receptors of BAFF bind as well. Belimumab heavy chain components I51, F54, K58, D100, D101, L102, L103, and P105 and R27, Y30, K49, and S65 of belimumab light chain contribute to the BAFF-belimumab interaction mainly via hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and hydrophobic interactions. More importantly, belimumab could bind to L83 of BAFF and produce steric hindrance with the adjacent BAFF trimers, while tabalumab could not. Therefore, our results indicated that belimumab has a better clinical outcome compared with tabalumab mainly because belimumab could bind to L83 of BAFF and interfere the formation of a BAFF 60-mer, besides mediating inhibition of the interaction of BAFF with its receptors.
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Stathopoulos P, Dalakas MC. Evolution of Anti-B Cell Therapeutics in Autoimmune Neurological Diseases. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:691-710. [PMID: 35182380 PMCID: PMC9294112 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01196-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells have an ever-increasing role in the etiopathology of a number of autoimmune neurological disorders, acting as antigen-presenting cells facilitating antibody production but also as sensors, coordinators, and regulators of the immune response. In particular, B cells can regulate the T cell activation process through their participation in antigen presentation, production of proinflammatory cytokines (bystander activation or suppression), and contribution to ectopic lymphoid aggregates. Such an important interplay between B and T cells makes therapeutic depletion of B cells an attractive treatment strategy. The last decade, anti-B cell therapies using monoclonal antibodies against B cell surface molecules have evolved into a rational approach for successfully treating autoimmune neurological disorders, even when T cells seem to be the main effector cells. The paper summarizes basic aspects of B cell biology, discusses the roles of B cells in neurological autoimmunities, and highlights how the currently available or under development anti-B cell therapeutics exert their action in the wide spectrum and immunologically diverse neurological disorders. The efficacy of the various anti-B cell therapies and practical issues on induction and maintenance therapy is specifically detailed for the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis-spectrum disorders, autoimmune encephalitis and hyperexcitability CNS disorders, autoimmune neuropathies, myasthenia gravis, and inflammatory myopathies. The success of anti-B cell therapies in inducing long-term remission in IgG4 neuroautoimmunities is also highlighted pointing out potential biomarkers for follow-up infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Stathopoulos
- 1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marinos C Dalakas
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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9
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Boussamet L, Rajoka MSR, Berthelot L. Microbiota, IgA and Multiple Sclerosis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030617. [PMID: 35336190 PMCID: PMC8954136 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease characterized by immune cell infiltration in the central nervous system and destruction of myelin sheaths. Alterations of gut bacteria abundances are present in MS patients. In mouse models of neuroinflammation, depletion of microbiota results in amelioration of symptoms, and gavage with MS patient microbiota exacerbates the disease and inflammation via Th17 cells. On the other hand, depletion of B cells using anti-CD20 is an efficient therapy in MS, and growing evidence shows an important deleterious role of B cells in MS pathology. However, the failure of TACI-Ig treatment in MS highlighted the potential regulatory role of plasma cells. The mechanism was recently demonstrated involving IgA+ plasma cells, specific for gut microbiota and producing IL-10. IgA-coated bacteria in MS patient gut exhibit also modifications. We will focus our review on IgA interactions with gut microbiota and IgA+ B cells in MS. These recent data emphasize new pathways of neuroinflammation regulation in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Boussamet
- Centre for Research in Transplantation and Translation Immunology, Nantes Université, Inserm, CR2TI UMR, 1064 Nantes, France;
| | - Muhammad Shahid Riaz Rajoka
- Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan;
| | - Laureline Berthelot
- Centre for Research in Transplantation and Translation Immunology, Nantes Université, Inserm, CR2TI UMR, 1064 Nantes, France;
- Correspondence:
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10
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Damianidou O, Theotokis P, Grigoriadis N, Petratos S. Novel contributors to B cell activation during inflammatory CNS demyelination; An oNGOing process. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:164-174. [PMID: 34975310 PMCID: PMC8692119 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.66350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the development of targeted immunotherapeutics for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis has been successfully orchestrated through the efficacious modulation of neuroinflammatory outcomes demonstrated in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. In this model, the focus of developing immunomodulatory therapeutics has been demonstrated through their effectiveness in modifying the pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17-dependent neuropathological outcomes of demyelination, oligodendrocytopathy and axonal dystrophy. However, recent successful preclinical and clinical trials have advocated for the significance of B cell-dependent immunopathogenic responses and has led to the development of novel biologicals that target specific B cell phenotypes. In this context, a new molecule, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), has emerged as a positive regulator of B cell survival and differentiation functioning through various signaling pathways and potentiating the activity of various receptor complexes through pleiotropic means. One possible cognate receptor for BAFF includes the Nogo receptor (NgR) and its homologs, previously established as potent inhibitors of axonal regeneration during central nervous system (CNS) injury and disease. In this review we provide current evidence for BAFF-dependent signaling through the NgR multimeric complex, elucidating their association within the CNS compartment and underlying the importance of these potential pathogenic molecular regulators as possible therapeutic targets to limit relapse rates and potentially MS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olympia Damianidou
- B' Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- B' Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- B' Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
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11
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Oligodendrocyte-Specific Deletion of FGFR1 Reduces Cerebellar Inflammation and Neurodegeneration in MOG 35-55-Induced EAE. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179495. [PMID: 34502405 PMCID: PMC8431355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). MS commonly affects the cerebellum causing acute and chronic symptoms. Cerebellar signs significantly contribute to clinical disability, and symptoms such as tremor, ataxia, and dysarthria are difficult to treat. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are involved in demyelinating pathologies such as MS. In autopsy tissue from patients with MS, increased expression of FGF1, FGF2, FGF9, and FGFR1 was found in lesion areas. Recent research using mouse models has focused on regions such as the spinal cord, and data on the expression of FGF/FGFR in the cerebellum are not available. In recent EAE studies, we detected that oligodendrocyte-specific deletion of FGFRs results in a milder disease course, less cellular infiltrates, and reduced neurodegeneration in the spinal cord. The objective of this study was to characterize the role of FGFR1 in oligodendrocytes in the cerebellum. Conditional deletion of FGFR1 in oligodendrocytes (Fgfr1ind−/−) was achieved by tamoxifen application, EAE was induced using the MOG35-55 peptide. The cerebellum was analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and western blot. At day 62 p.i., Fgfr1ind−/− mice showed less myelin and axonal degeneration compared to FGFR1-competent mice. Infiltration of CD3(+) T cells, Mac3(+) cells, B220(+) B cells and IgG(+) plasma cells in cerebellar white matter lesions (WML) was less in Fgfr1ind−/−mice. There were no effects on the number of OPC or mature oligodendrocytes in white matter lesion (WML). Expression of FGF2 and FGF9 associated with less myelin and axonal degeneration, and of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and CD200 was downregulated in Fgfr1ind−/− mice. The FGF/FGFR signaling protein pAkt, BDNF, and TrkB were increased in Fgfr1ind−/− mice. These data suggest that cell-specific deletion of FGFR1 in oligodendrocytes has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in the cerebellum in the EAE disease model of MS.
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Schweighoffer E, Tybulewicz VL. BAFF signaling in health and disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 71:124-131. [PMID: 34352467 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BAFF is a critical cytokine supporting the survival of mature naïve B cells, acting through the BAFFR receptor. Recent studies show that BAFF and BAFFR are also required for the survival of memory B cells, autoimmune B cells as well as malignant chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells. BAFFR cooperates with other receptors, notably the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), a process which is critical for the expansion of autoimmune and CLL cells. This crosstalk may be mediated by TRAF3 which interacts with BAFFR and with CD79A, a signalling subunit of the BCR and the downstream SYK kinase, inhibiting its activity. BAFF binding to BAFFR leads to degradation of TRAF3 which may relieve inhibition of SYK activity transducing signals to pathways required for B cell survival. BAFFR activates both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signalling and both pathways play important roles in the survival of B cells and CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Lj Tybulewicz
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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