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Roshan H, Zhu D, Piccinotti D, Dai J, De Franco M, Barelli M, Prato M, De Trizio L, Manna L, Di Stasio F. Near Infrared Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Colloidal InAs/ZnSe Core/Thick-Shell Quantum Dots. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400734. [PMID: 38622892 PMCID: PMC11187924 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Heavy-metal-free III-V colloidal quantum dots (QDs) exhibit promising attributes for application in optoelectronics. Among them, InAs QDs are demonstrating excellent optical performance with respect to absorption and emission in the near-infrared spectral domain. Recently, InAs QDs attained a substantial improvement in photoluminescence quantum yield, achieving 70% at a wavelength of 900 nm through the strategic overgrowth of a thick ZnSe shell atop the InAs core. In the present study, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on this type of InAs/ZnSe QDs are fabricated, reaching an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 13.3%, a turn-on voltage of 1.5V, and a maximum radiance of 12 Wsr-1m-2. Importantly, the LEDs exhibit an extensive emission dynamic range, characterized by a nearly linear correlation between emission intensity and current density, which can be attributed to the efficient passivation provided by the thick ZnSe shell. The obtained results are comparable to state-of-the-art PbS QD LEDs. Furthermore, it should be stressed not only that the fabricated LEDs are fully RoHS-compliant but also that the emitting InAs QDs are prepared via a synthetic route based on a non-pyrophoric, cheap, and commercially available as precursor, namely tris(dimethylamino)-arsine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Roshan
- Photonic NanomaterialsIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Morego 30Genova16163Italy
| | - Dongxu Zhu
- NanochemistryIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Morego 30Genova16163Italy
| | - Davide Piccinotti
- Photonic NanomaterialsIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Morego 30Genova16163Italy
| | - Jinfei Dai
- NanochemistryIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Morego 30Genova16163Italy
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic TechniqueSchool of Electronic Science and EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Manuela De Franco
- Photonic NanomaterialsIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Morego 30Genova16163Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversità degli Studi di GenovaVia Dodecaneso 31Genova16146Italy
| | - Matteo Barelli
- Photonic NanomaterialsIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Morego 30Genova16163Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization FacilityIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Morego 30Genova16163Italy
| | - Luca De Trizio
- Chemistry FacilityIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Morego 30Genova16163Italy
| | - Liberato Manna
- NanochemistryIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Morego 30Genova16163Italy
| | - Francesco Di Stasio
- Photonic NanomaterialsIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Morego 30Genova16163Italy
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Park JY, Lee S, Bi JC, Lee JS, Hwang YH, Kang B, Seok J, Park S, Lim D, Park YW, Ju BK. Selective Enhancement of Viewing Angle Characteristics and Light Extraction Efficiency of Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Organic Light-Emitting Diodes through an Easily Tailorable Si 3N 4 Nanofiber Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27566-27575. [PMID: 38743438 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
We selectively improved the viewing angle characteristics and light extraction efficiency of blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) by tailoring a nanofiber-shaped Si3N4 layer, which was used as an internal scattering layer. The diameter of the polymer nanofibers changed according to the mass ratio of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in the polymer solution for electrospinning. The Si3N4 nanofiber (SNF) structure was fabricated by etching an Si3N4 film using the PAN/PMMA nanofiber as a mask, making it easier to adjust parameters, such as the diameter, open ratio, and height, even though the SNF structure was randomly shaped. The SNF structures exhibited lower transmittance and higher haze with increasing diameter, showing little correlation with their height. However, all the structures demonstrated a total transmittance of over 80%. Finally, by applying the SNF structures to the blue TADF OLEDs, the external quantum efficiency was increased by 15.6%. In addition, the current and power efficiencies were enhanced by 23.0% and 25.6%, respectively. The internal light-extracting SNF structure also exhibited a synergistic effect with the external light-extracting structure. Furthermore, when the viewing angle changed from 0° to 60°, the peak wavelength and CIE coordinate shift decreased from 20 to 6 nm and from 0.0561 to 0.0243, respectively. These trends were explained by the application of Snell's law to the light path and were ultimately validated through finite-difference time-domain simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Park
- Display and Nanosensor Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Lee
- Display and Nanosensor Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian Cheng Bi
- Display and Nanosensor Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sung Lee
- Display and Nanosensor Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hyun Hwang
- Display and Nanosensor Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongwoo Kang
- Display and Nanosensor Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Seok
- Display and Nanosensor Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghyeon Park
- Display and Nanosensor Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dogi Lim
- Display and Nanosensor Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Display Co., 1, Samsung-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Wook Park
- Department of Semiconductor and Display Engineering, Sun Moon University Asan-si 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Kwon Ju
- Display and Nanosensor Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Choi GS, Kang SW, Bae EJ, Jang EB, Baek DH, Ju BK, Park YW. A Simple Method for Fabricating an External Light Extraction Composite Layer with RNS to Improve the Optical Properties of OLEDs. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1430. [PMID: 35564139 PMCID: PMC9103064 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we fabricated a random nanostructure (RNS) external light extraction composite layer containing high-refractive-index nanoparticles through a simple and inexpensive solution process and a low-temperature mask-free process. We focused on varying the shape and density of the RNSs and adjusted the concentration of the high-refractive-index nanoparticles to control the optical properties. The RNSs fabricated using a low-temperature mask-free process can use the distance between the nanostructures and various forms to control the diffraction and scattering effects in the visible light wavelength range. Consequently, our film exhibited a direct transmittance of ~85% at a wavelength of 550 nm. Furthermore, when the RNSs' composite film, manufactured using the low-temperature mask-free process, was applied to organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), it exhibited an external quantum efficiency improvement of 32.2% compared with the OLEDs without the RNSs. Therefore, the randomly distributed high-refractive-index nanoparticles on the polymer film can reduce the waveguide mode and total reflection at the substrate/air interface. These films can be used as a scattering layer to reduce the loss of the OLED substrate mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Su Choi
- Nano and Organic-Electronics Laboratory, Department of Display and Semiconductor Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea; (G.-S.C.); (S.-W.K.); (E.-J.B.); (E.-B.J.)
| | - Shin-Woo Kang
- Nano and Organic-Electronics Laboratory, Department of Display and Semiconductor Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea; (G.-S.C.); (S.-W.K.); (E.-J.B.); (E.-B.J.)
- Display and Nanosystem Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Bae
- Nano and Organic-Electronics Laboratory, Department of Display and Semiconductor Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea; (G.-S.C.); (S.-W.K.); (E.-J.B.); (E.-B.J.)
- Display and Nanosystem Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Eun-Bi Jang
- Nano and Organic-Electronics Laboratory, Department of Display and Semiconductor Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea; (G.-S.C.); (S.-W.K.); (E.-J.B.); (E.-B.J.)
| | - Dong-Hyun Baek
- Center for Next Generation Semiconductor Technology, Department of Display and Semiconductor Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea;
| | - Byeong-Kwon Ju
- Display and Nanosystem Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Young-Wook Park
- Nano and Organic-Electronics Laboratory, Department of Display and Semiconductor Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea; (G.-S.C.); (S.-W.K.); (E.-J.B.); (E.-B.J.)
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Bae EJ, Kang SW, Choi GS, Jang EB, Baek DH, Ju BK, Park YW. Enhanced Light Extraction from Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Micro-Nano Hybrid Structure. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081266. [PMID: 35457971 PMCID: PMC9031578 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an external light extraction layer with a micro-nano hybrid structure was applied to improve the external light extraction efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). A reactive ion-etching (RIE) process, using O2 and CHF3 plasma, was performed on the surface of the micro-scale pattern to form micro-nano hybrid structures. According to the results of this study, the nanostructures formed by the treatment of O2 and CHF3 were different, and the efficiency according to the structures was analyzed experimentally and theoretically. As a result, the OLED, to which the micro-nano hybrid structure, manufactured through a simple process, is applied, improved the external light extraction efficiency by up to 38%, and an extended viewing angle profile was obtained. Additionally, an effective method for enhancing the out-coupling efficiency of OLEDs was presented by optimizing the micro-nano hybrid structure according to process conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Bae
- Nano and Organic-Electronics Laboratory, Department of Display and Semiconductor Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea; (E.-J.B.); (S.-W.K.); (G.-S.C.); (E.-B.J.)
- Display and Nanosystem Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Shin-Woo Kang
- Nano and Organic-Electronics Laboratory, Department of Display and Semiconductor Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea; (E.-J.B.); (S.-W.K.); (G.-S.C.); (E.-B.J.)
- Display and Nanosystem Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Geun-Su Choi
- Nano and Organic-Electronics Laboratory, Department of Display and Semiconductor Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea; (E.-J.B.); (S.-W.K.); (G.-S.C.); (E.-B.J.)
| | - Eun-Bi Jang
- Nano and Organic-Electronics Laboratory, Department of Display and Semiconductor Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea; (E.-J.B.); (S.-W.K.); (G.-S.C.); (E.-B.J.)
| | - Dong-Hyun Baek
- Center for Next Generation Semiconductor Technology, Department of Display and Semiconductor Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-H.B.); (B.-K.J.); (Y.-W.P.)
| | - Byeong-Kwon Ju
- Display and Nanosystem Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-H.B.); (B.-K.J.); (Y.-W.P.)
| | - Young-Wook Park
- Nano and Organic-Electronics Laboratory, Department of Display and Semiconductor Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea; (E.-J.B.); (S.-W.K.); (G.-S.C.); (E.-B.J.)
- Correspondence: (D.-H.B.); (B.-K.J.); (Y.-W.P.)
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Jang IG, Murugadoss V, Park TH, Son KR, Lee HJ, Ren W, Yu MJ, Kim TG. Cavity-Suppressing Electrode Integrated with Multi-Quantum Well Emitter: A Universal Approach Toward High-Performance Blue TADF Top Emission OLED. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:60. [PMID: 35147762 PMCID: PMC8837740 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00802-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel device structure for thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) top emission organic light-emitting diodes (TEOLEDs) that improves the viewing angle characteristics and reduces the efficiency roll-off is presented. Furthermore, we describe the design and fabrication of a cavity-suppressing electrode (CSE), Ag (12 nm)/WO3 (65 nm)/Ag (12 nm) that can be used as a transparent cathode. While the TADF-TEOLED fabricated using the CSE exhibits higher external quantum efficiency (EQE) and improved angular dependency than the device fabricated using the microcavity-based Ag electrode, it suffers from low color purity and severe efficiency roll-off. These drawbacks can be reduced by using an optimized multi-quantum well emissive layer (MQW EML). The CSE-based TADF-TEOLED with an MQW EML fabricated herein exhibits a high EQE (18.05%), high color purity (full width at half maximum ~ 59 nm), reduced efficiency roll-off (~ 46% at 1000 cd m-2), and low angular dependence. These improvements can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the CSE and MQW EML. An optimized transparent CSE improves charge injection and light outcoupling with low angular dependence, and the MQW EML effectively confines charges and excitons, thereby improving the color purity and EQE significantly. The proposed approach facilitates the optimization of multiple output characteristics of TEOLEDs for future display applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Gyu Jang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Vignesh Murugadoss
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Park
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Rock Son
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jin Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - WanQi Ren
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Yu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Geun Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Wei Z, Lin S, Zuo T, Li Q, Jiang S, Qi F, Yang M, Gu J, Meng L, Lu CZ. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials with aggregation-induced emission properties: a QM/MM study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25789-25796. [PMID: 34766607 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04190h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic molecules with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and aggregation induced emission (AIE) properties have attracted increasing research interest due to their great potential applications in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), especially for those with multicolor mechanochromic luminescence (MCL) features. Theoretical research on the luminescence characteristics of organic TADF emitters based on the aggregation states is highly desired to quantify the relationship between the TADF properties and aggregation states. In this work, we study the 4,4'-(6-(9,9-dimethylacridine-10(9H)-yl)quinoline-2,3-dibenzonitrile (DMAC-CNQ) emitter with TADF and AIE properties, and calculate the photophysical properties in gas, solid and amorphous states by using the quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method. Our simulations demonstrate that the aggregation states enhance obviously the reverse intersystem crossing rates and transition dipole moments of the DMAC-CNQ emitter, and suppress the non-radiative rates from the lowest excited singlet state (S1) to ground state (S0). Specifically, the molecular stacking of DMAC-CNQ in solid phases can mainly restrict the geometric torsion of the DMAC moiety for decreasing non-radiative decay rates, and the torsion of the CNQ moiety for increasing the reverse intersystem crossing rates. As a result, the calculated fluorescence efficiencies of the DMAC-CNQ emitter in the crystal and amorphous states are 67% and 26% respectively, and in good agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China. .,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Shiyun Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zuo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China. .,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Qikai Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China. .,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China. .,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Mingxue Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China. .,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Junjing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Lingyi Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China. .,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Can-Zhong Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China. .,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Photonic Cavity Effects for Enhanced Efficiency in Layered Perovskite-Based Light-Emitting Diodes. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112947. [PMID: 34835709 PMCID: PMC8622141 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Layered architectures for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are the standard approach for solution-processable materials such as metal-halide perovskites. Upon designing the composition and thicknesses of the layers forming the LED, the primary focus is typically on the optimization of charge injection and balance. However, this approach only considers the process until electrons and holes recombine to generate photons, while for achieving optimized LED performance, the generated light must also be efficiently outcoupled. Our work focuses on the latter aspect. We assume efficient photon generation and analyze the effects of the geometrical configuration together with the dipole orientation, mimicking the light emission, on the main characteristics defining the LED, such as the Purcell effect and the outcoupling efficiency. We find that in-plane dipoles result in significantly increased outcoupling efficiency. Furthermore, the mismatch in refractive index among the layers and their different thicknesses can be tuned to maximize the Purcell effect and minimize internal losses. The combined optimization of dipole orientation and layer thicknesses can improve the efficiency of the LED up to a factor 10, hence highlighting the importance of considering also the photonic properties of the LED structures if the objective is to maximize the LED performance.
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