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Tang W, Jing L, Cao W, Xu W, Wu X, Liao H. Optimization of magnetic coupling mechanism of dynamic wireless power transfer based on NSGA-II algorithm. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5121. [PMID: 38429386 PMCID: PMC10907703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Optimization of magnetic coupling mechanism is an important way to improve the performance of a dynamic wireless power transfer system. Inspired by the common radial magnetic core for circular coils, a new radial magnetic core for rectangular coils is adopt. Through simulation and experimental results comparison, which has higher coupling coefficient with the same core area. Combined with the magnetic circuit analysis, the magnetic flux leakage and conduction regions are divided into magnetic fluxes with different shapes, which magnetic resistances are calculated respectively. Based on the simulation results, parameter distributions of fluxes under different conditions are obtained. Therefore, the expressions of the coupling coefficient k of the adopt magnetic cores and coils and the design parameters of coils and cores are obtained. Taking the maximum k and the minimum rate of change of coupling coefficient with 100 mm displacement as the optimization objectives, a multi-objective optimization solution is carried out by using NSGA-II algorithm. The coil optimization scheme is obtained and verified by experiments. k and Δk are 0.442 and 6.8% respectively, and the errors are less than 5%. In the optimization process, there is no simulation model constructed. The optimization modeling combined of magnetic field segmentation method and parameter fitting has lower complexity and calculation time of optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Long Jing
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanyu Cao
- China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzheng Xu
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xuezhi Wu
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
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Yoon S, Lim T, Lee Y. Multifunctional coil technique for alignment-agnostic and Rx coil size-insensitive efficiency enhancement for wireless power transfer applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22838. [PMID: 38129641 PMCID: PMC10739718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a multifunctional coil technique to enhance the transfer efficiency of an inductively-coupled wireless power transfer (WPT) system, regardless of the alignment condition and size ratio between the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) coils. The technique incorporates an auxiliary coil on the Tx side, where current is induced through coupling from the primary coil. Since the Tx coil consists of two coils, transmission to the Rx occurs through the coil with the higher coupling coefficient, determined by the misalignment state. Additionally, by controlling this current using a varactor placed on the auxiliary coil, an optimal magnetic flux is generated based on the alignment condition and/or the size of the Rx coil. In perfect alignment, the auxiliary coil focuses the flux from the Tx to the Rx coil, maximizing transfer efficiency. In misalignment scenarios, the current on the auxiliary coil is adjusted to shift the effective center of the Tx coil, achieving the strongest alignment of the magnetic flux traversing the Rx coil. This adjustment, which can be controlled adaptively based not only on the degree of misalignment but also on the size of the Rx coil, enables virtually null-free operation across varying misalignment conditions and for different Rx sizes. Furthermore, as this multifunctionality of the proposed system is achieved with a minimal number of additional components-just a single auxiliary coil and a single varactor-the impact on the overall quality factor (Q) of the system is minimized, contributing to the higher efficiency. In a size-symmetric system, where the Tx and Rx coils have the same size, the efficiency reaches 98.1% in perfect alignment and remains above 60% with up to 135% misalignment relative to the largest coil dimension. In a size-asymmetric system, with the Rx coil reduced to a quarter of the Tx coil, the efficiency is 96.1% in perfect alignment and remains above 60% up to 95% misalignment. Despite its enhanced practicality through a simple structure featuring only one auxiliary coil and an asymmetric configuration integrated solely on the Tx side, the proposed technique surpasses previous methods by delivering significantly superior performance. Moreover, it demonstrates unprecedented tolerance to both misalignment and smaller Rx coil sizes, which is frequently encountered in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Yoon
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Taejun Lim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Yongshik Lee
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Rong C, Yan L, Li L, Li Y, Liu M. A Review of Metamaterials in Wireless Power Transfer. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6008. [PMID: 37687701 PMCID: PMC10488467 DOI: 10.3390/ma16176008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a technology that enables energy transmission without physical contact, utilizing magnetic and electric fields as soft media. While WPT has numerous applications, the increasing power transfer distance often results in a decrease in transmission efficiency, as well as the urgent need for addressing safety concerns. Metamaterials offer a promising way for improving efficiency and reducing the flux density in WPT systems. This paper provides an overview of the current status and technical challenges of metamaterial-based WPT systems. The basic principles of magnetic coupling resonant wireless power transfer (MCR-WPT) are presented, followed by a detailed description of the metamaterial design theory and its application in WPT. The paper then reviews the metamaterial-based wireless energy transmission system from three perspectives: transmission efficiency, misalignment tolerance, and electromagnetic shielding. Finally, the paper summarizes the development trends and technical challenges of metamaterial-based WPT systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Rong
- Jiangsu Province Laboratory of Mining Electric and Automation, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China; (C.R.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lihui Yan
- Jiangsu Province Laboratory of Mining Electric and Automation, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China; (C.R.); (L.Y.)
| | - Long Li
- Key Laboratory of High-Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China;
| | - Yunhui Li
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;
| | - Minghai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Lu H, Xu J, Yan R. A high-efficient piezoelectric wireless energy transmission system based on magnetic force coupling. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:025007. [PMID: 36859033 DOI: 10.1063/5.0103915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This research reports an acoustic wireless energy transmission system featuring high efficiency and robustness. The proposed energy transmission system is composed of a piezoelectric cantilever-based transmitter and receiver that are coupled using the forces of permanent magnets. Taking advantage of the strong coupling effect of magnet force, we can transfer mechanical energy wirelessly through mediums of the air and metal plate. The experimental studies show that the voltage transmission efficiencies reach 55.59% and 51.58% in cases of energy transfer through mediums of the air and the air-metal-air, respectively. In addition, the maximum power transmission reaches 42.73 mW at an operational frequency of 104.2 Hz. This wireless energy transmission system can be used for powering devices in enclosed, electrically shielded, and biomedical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Remote Measurement and Control, School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Jiawen Xu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Remote Measurement and Control, School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Ruqiang Yan
- International Machinery Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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An optimal load indirect matching method without parameter identification and system efficiency optimization. Sci Rep 2023; 13:513. [PMID: 36627336 PMCID: PMC9832121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In some wireless charging applications where the coil spacing varies in real time, such as UAV, electric boat and tram, etc., the traditional direct impedance matching method is difficult to identify the mutual inductance timely and accurately, thus affecting the efficiency optimization effect of the system. In this paper, an indirect impedance matching method without parameter identification is proposed, this method is based on the characteristic that the optimal voltage gain of the resonator is only related to its inherent parameters, and impedance matching can be achieved by controlling the voltage gain in real time. To further improve the efficiency of the system, a single-sided detuning design method is used to achieve soft switching of the inverter. Based on the optimal voltage gain expression derived by using both the indirect impedance matching method and the single-sided detuning design method, a compound control strategy for a series-series-compensated topology with dual-side power control is proposed to improve efficiency and stabilize the output voltage. A hardware prototype is built and a peak DC-to-DC efficiency with the optimal output resistance RL at about 28.9 Ω is 91.58%. When the output resistance RL is 100 Ω, the efficiency improved by 7% after using the proposed strategy.
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Xiong Q, Shao Y, Sun P, Sun J, Rong E, Liang Y. Constant output characteristics and design methodology of double side LC compensated capacitive power transfer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2663. [PMID: 35177706 PMCID: PMC8854664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Capacitive power transfer (CPT) has been verified to be capable of transferring a power level as high as inductive power transfer (IPT) recently, and has its own merits. It is a well complement of IPT in near-field wireless power transfer (WPT). This paper gives a newly designed method of realizing both constant output voltage (COV) and constant output current (COC) modes of double side LC compensated CPT. Firstly, through analysis of basic circuit characteristics, the conditions for both of the two modes are deduced theoretically. Especially, one merit of the method is that the conditions indicate a very clear relationship between the compensation components forming resonant tanks. Another merit is that the couple capacitors also participate in resonant tanks. Different from the COV mode, the COC mode can theoretically reach zero phase angle condition simultaneously. Based on these conditions, the parameter design methodology is proposed. Besides, an efficient model of double side LC compensated CPT is built, and the optimum load is calculated theoretically to guide the design course. Finally, the results of both simulations and experiments demonstrate high consistency with the theoretical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xiong
- College of Electrical Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Shao
- College of Electrical Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China.
| | - Pan Sun
- College of Electrical Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Sun
- College of Electrical Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Enguo Rong
- College of Electrical Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Liang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
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Jiang X, Pokharel RK, Barakat A, Yoshitomi K. A multimode metamaterial for a compact and robust dualband wireless power transfer system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22125. [PMID: 34764393 PMCID: PMC8586012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To release more flexibility for users to charge their portable devices, researchers have increasingly developed compact wireless power transfer (WPT) systems in recent years. Also, a dual-band WPT system is proposed to transfer power and signal simultaneously, enriching the system’s functionality. Moreover, a stacked metasurface has recently been proposed for a single band near-field WPT system. In this study, a novel multimode self-resonance-enhanced wideband metasurface is proposed for a robust dual-band WPT system, which significantly improves the performance of both bands. The size of the transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx) are both 15 mm × 15 mm only. The proposed metasurface can improve efficiency from 0.04 up to 39% in the best case. The measured figure of merit (FoM) is 2.09 at 390 MHz and 2.16 at 770 MHz, respectively, in the balanced mode. Especially, the FoM can reach up to 4.34 in the lower mode. Compared to the previous state-of-the-art for similar applications, the WPT performance has significantly been improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ramesh K Pokharel
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Adel Barakat
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Yoshitomi
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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Nonlinear Metamaterial Lenses for Inductive Power Transmission Systems Using Duffing-Resonator Based Unit Cells. J 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/j4040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamaterials (MTMs) based on a periodic array of resonant coils have been shown to behave as μ-negative (MNG), enabling the focusing of magnetic flux. The phenomenon has been deployed by designers to boost the efficiency of many inductively coupled systems, such as magnetic resonance imaging, underwater and underground communications, and charging base stations (CBS) for consumer electronics and implanted devices. However, due to their dependency on high-Q unit cells, linear MNG-like MTMs have limited bandwidth, restricting their use in many applications, notably in near-field simultaneous wireless information and power transmission (NF-SWIPT) systems. To improve the tight constraints of the amplitude-bandwidth trade-off of artificial magnetic lenses, this paper presents a theoretical analysis of nonlinear MTMs based on a lattice of Duffing resonators (DRs). Additionally, it introduces a criterium for the quantification and evaluation of the amplitude-bandwidth enhancement. The analytical results are based on a circuit model and further verified by numerical simulations using commercial software. The preliminary findings in this paper open up possibilities for nonlinear MTM lenses and can be applied to enhance the linear amplitude-bandwidth limit.
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Analysis and design of diode physical limit bandwidth efficient rectification circuit for maximum flat efficiency, wide impedance, and efficiency bandwidths. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19941. [PMID: 34620943 PMCID: PMC8497583 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Generally, a conventional voltage doubler circuit possesses a large variation of its input impedance over the bandwidth, which results in limited bandwidth and low RF-dc conversion efficiency. A basic aspect for designing wideband voltage doubler rectifiers is the use of complex matching circuits to achieve decade and octave impedance and RF-dc conversion efficiency bandwidths. Still, the reported techniques till now have been accompanied by a large fluctuation of the RF-dc conversion efficiency over the operating bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a novel rectification circuit with minimal inter-stage matching that consists of a single short-circuit stub and a virtual battery, which contributes negligible losses and overcomes these existing problems. Consequently, the proposed rectifier circuit achieves a diode physical-limit-bandwidth efficient rectification. In other words, the rectification bandwidth, as well as the peak efficiency, are controlled by the length of the stub and the physical limitation of the diodes.
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