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Chen J, You P, Chen X, Li H, Zhang N, Zhang G, Xu C, Ma C, Zhang Y, Lv T. Genetic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of coxsackievirus A6 isolated in Linyi, China, 2022-2023. Jpn J Infect Dis 2024:JJID.2024.072. [PMID: 38945859 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2024.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) was one of the most common infectious disease in the past few decades. After 2013, coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) has replaced enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), becoming the predominant pathogen responsible for HFMD in many areas in China. The objective of this study is to investigate the genetic characteristics and molecular epidemiology of CVA6 in Linyi from 2022 to 2023. A total of 965 HFMD cases were enrolled in this study and analyses based on VP1 nucleotide sequences were performed to determine the evolutionary trajectory of CVA6. In 2022, 281 (281/386, 72.8%) were positive for enterovirus (EVs), and 217 (217/281, 77.2%) were CVA6 positive. In 2023, 398 (398/579, 68.7%) samples were positive for EVs, and 243 (243/398, 61.1%) were CVA6 positive. Six sequences were selected from each year for the homology analysis. The results showed that 12 strains isolated in Linyi were far from the prototype strain (AY421764) and the first CVA6 strain reported in China (JQ364886). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CVA6 strains isolated in Linyi all belonged to D3 subgenotype. CVA6 is emerging as a common pathogen causing HFMD in Linyi, and continuous surveillance of HFMD etiological agents is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Linyi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Linyi Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, China
| | - Pengfei You
- Children's Emergency Department, Linyi Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Linyi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Linyi Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, China
| | - Huafeng Li
- Linyi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Linyi Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Children's Emergency Department, Linyi Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, China
| | - Guangyun Zhang
- Linyi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Linyi Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, China
| | - Conghong Xu
- Linyi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Linyi Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Linyi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Linyi Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, China
- Department of Immunology Teaching and Research, Shandong Medical College, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Linyi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Linyi Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, China
| | - Tiegang Lv
- Linyi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Linyi Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, China
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Liu X, Zhu H, Wang M, Zhang N, Wang J, Tan W, Wu G, Yu P, Liu H, Liu Q. An enterovirus A71 virus-like particle with replaced loops confers partial cross-protection in mice. Virus Res 2023; 337:199235. [PMID: 37788720 PMCID: PMC10562737 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16), and CV-A10 belong to the main prevailing types causing hand-foot-and-mouth disease. Since EV-A71 monovalent vaccine does not confer cross-protection, developing a multivalent vaccine is essential. In this study, a trivalent chimeric virus-like particle of EV-A71 (EV-A71-VLPCHI3) was constructed based on EV-A71-VLP backbone by replacing the corresponding surface loops with CV-A16 VP1 G-H, CV-A10 VP1 B-C and E-F loops, which are critical for immunogenic neutralization. The baculovirus-insect cell expression system was employed for EV-A71-VLPCHI3 production. EV-A71-VLPCHI3 was purified by sucrose density gradient and observed by transmission electron microscopy. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of EV-A71-VLPCHI3 were evaluated in mice. Our results revealed that EV-A71-VLPCHI3 had a similar morphology to inactivated EV-A71 particles and could induce specific IgG antibodies against EV-A71, CV-A16 and CV-A10 in mice. More importantly, EV-A71-VLPCHI3 enhanced cross-reactive protection against CV-A16 and CV-A10, by 20 % and 40 %, compared to inactivated EV-A71 counterparts, respectively. In conclusion, the successful construction of EV-A71-VLPCHI3 suggested that loop-dependent heterologous protection could be transferred by loops replacement on the surface of viral capsid. This strategy may also supplement the development of multivalent vaccines against other infectious viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; College of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China
| | - Hanyu Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; College of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China
| | - Mei Wang
- College of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China
| | - Wenbian Tan
- College of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China
| | - Guochuan Wu
- College of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China
| | - Pei Yu
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China.
| | - Qiliang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; College of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, China.
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Wang H, Fang Y, Jia Y, Tang J, Dong C. In silico epitope prediction and evolutionary analysis reveals capsid mutation patterns for enterovirus B. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290584. [PMID: 37639390 PMCID: PMC10461833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus B (EVB) is a common species of enterovirus, mainly consisting of Echovirus (Echo) and Coxsackievirus B (CVB). The population is generally susceptible to EVB, especially among children. Since the 21st century, EVB has been widely prevalent worldwide, and can cause serious diseases, such as viral meningitis, myocarditis, and neonatal sepsis. By using cryo-electron microscopy, the three-dimensional (3D) structures of EVB and their uncoating receptors (FcRn and CAR) have been determined, laying the foundation for the study of viral pathogenesis and therapeutic antibodies. A limited number of epitopes bound to neutralizing antibodies have also been determined. It is unclear whether additional epitopes are present or whether epitope mutations play a key role in molecular evolutionary history and epidemics, as in influenza and SARS-CoV-2. In the current study, the conformational epitopes of six representative EVB serotypes (E6, E11, E30, CVB1, CVB3 and CVB5) were systematically predicted by bioinformatics-based epitope prediction algorithm. We found that their epitopes were distributed into three clusters, where the VP1 BC loop, C-terminus and VP2 EF loop were the main regions of EVB epitopes. Among them, the VP1 BC loop and VP2 EF loop may be the key epitope regions that determined the use of the uncoating receptors. Further molecular evolution analysis based on the VP1 and genome sequences showed that the VP1 C-terminus and VP2 EF loop, as well as a potential "breathing epitope" VP1 N-terminus, were common mutation hotspot regions, suggesting that the emergence of evolutionary clades was driven by epitope mutations. Finally, footprints showed mutations were located on or near epitopes, while mutations on the receptor binding sites were rare. This suggested that EVB promotes viral epidemics by breaking the immune barrier through epitope mutations, but the mutations avoided the receptor binding sites. The bioinformatics study of EVB epitopes may provide important information for the monitoring and early warning of EVB epidemics and developing therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yulu Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yongtao Jia
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jiajie Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Changzheng Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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Chen L, You S, Wang X, Li D, Ren S, Chen L. Dual carminic acid/hemin-marked DNA probes for simultaneously detecting CV-A16 and EV-A71 based on the mechanism of dimer to monomer transition. Talanta 2023; 265:124884. [PMID: 37392710 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to prepare two hairpin-structure DNA probes by conjugating carminic acid (CA) or hemin into two ends of specific genes of coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) (probeCV-A16-CA and probeEV-A71-hemin). Then, probeCV-A16-CA and probeEV-A71-hemin as the signal molecules were adsorbed onto NH2-MIL-53 (Al) (MOF). Based on these biocomposites, an electrochemical biosensor with dual-signal outputs for simultaneous assay of CV-A16 and EV-A71 was constructed. The stem-loops of probes switched both CA and hemin monomer to dimer, reducing the electrical activity of both CA and hemin. Subsequently, the target-induced opening of the stem-loop switched both CA and hemin dimers to monomers, resulting in two nonoverlapping increasing electrical signals. This sensitively reflected the concentration of targetCV-A16 and targetEV-A17 ranging from 10-10 to 10-15 M with a detection limit of 0.19 and 0.24 fM. This strategy was mainly applied to the simultaneous determination of targetCV-A16 and targetEV-A17 in 100% serum with satisfactory results. The MOF combined with the high loading capacity broke through the intrinsic limitation on sensitivity using the traditional methods. An increase of three orders of magnitude was observed. This study involved simple one-step detection, and only a simple replacement of a gene could trigger its potential in clinical and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Shuang You
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Shuna Ren
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
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Gordon-Lipkin EM, Banerjee P, Thompson E, Kruk S, Franco JLM, McGuire PJ. Epitope-level profiling in children with mitochondrial disease reveals limitations in the antibacterial antibody repertoire. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 139:107581. [PMID: 37104980 PMCID: PMC10330363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunometabolic studies in mice have suggested the importance of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in humoral immunity. However, there are important distinctions between murine and human immunity. Furthermore, translational studies on the role of OXPHOS in humoral immunity are nearly absent from the biomedical literature. Children with primary OXPHOS deficiency (i.e., mitochondrial disease, MtD), are an important patient population for demonstrating the functional effects of this bioenergetic defect on humoral immunity. METHODS To define whether OXPHOS deficiency extended to human B cells, we performed extracellular flux analysis on lymphoblastoid B cell lines from children with MtD and controls (N = 4/group). To expand the immune phenotype of B cell OXPHOS deficiency, we conducted a cross-sectional multiplex serology study of the antibacterial antibody repertoire in children with MtD (N = 16) and controls (N = 16) using phage display and immunoprecipitation sequencing (PhIPseq). The PhIPseq library contained >3000 peptides (i.e., epitopes) covering >40 genera and > 150 species of bacteria that infect humans. RESULTS B cell lymphoblastoid cell lines from children with MtD displayed depressed baseline oxygen consumption, ATP production and reserve capacity, indicating that OXPHOS deficiency extended to these key cells in humoral immunity. Characterization of the bacterial exposome revealed comparable bacterial species between the two groups, mostly Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. The most common species of bacteria was S. pneumoniae. By interrogating the antibacterial antibody repertoire, we found that children with MtD had less robust antibody fold changes to common epitopes. Furthermore, we also found that children with MtD failed to show a direct relationship between the number of bacterial epitopes recognized and age, unlike controls. OXPHOS deficiency extends to B cells in children with MtD, leading to limitations in the antibacterial antibody repertoire. Furthermore, the timing of bacterial exposures was asynchronous, suggesting different periods of increased exposure or susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the antibacterial humoral response is distinctive in children with MtD, suggesting an important role for OXPHOS in B cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza M Gordon-Lipkin
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Payal Banerjee
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Thompson
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Shannon Kruk
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Jose Luis Marin Franco
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Peter J McGuire
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America.
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Cryo-electron microscopy and image classification reveal the existence and structure of the coxsackievirus A6 virion. Commun Biol 2022; 5:898. [PMID: 36056184 PMCID: PMC9438360 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) has recently overtaken enterovirus A71 and CV-A16 as the primary causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease worldwide. Virions of CV-A6 were not identified in previous structural studies, and it was speculated that the virus is unique among enteroviruses in using altered particles with expanded capsids to infect cells. In contrast, the virions of other enteroviruses are required for infection. Here we used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine the structures of the CV-A6 virion, altered particle, and empty capsid. We show that the CV-A6 virion has features characteristic of virions of other enteroviruses, including a compact capsid, VP4 attached to the inner capsid surface, and fatty acid-like molecules occupying the hydrophobic pockets in VP1 subunits. Furthermore, we found that in a purified sample of CV-A6, the ratio of infectious units to virions is 1 to 500. Therefore, it is likely that virions of CV-A6 initiate infection, like those of other enteroviruses. Our results provide evidence that future vaccines against CV-A6 should target its virions instead of the antigenically distinct altered particles. Furthermore, the structure of the virion provides the basis for the rational development of capsid-binding inhibitors that block the genome release of CV-A6. A cryo-EM structure for the three conformers of coxsackievirus A6 provides insight into the infection process of this enterovirus, which is responsible for numerous cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease.
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The role of conformational epitopes in the evolutionary divergence of enterovirus D68 clades: A bioinformatics-based study. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104992. [PMID: 34242773 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), as one of the major pathogens of paediatric respiratory disease, has been widely spread in the population in recent years. As the basis of virus antigenicity, antigenic epitopes are essential to monitoring the transformation of virus antigenicity. However, there is a lack of systematic studies on the antigenic epitopes of EV-D68. In this study, a bioinformatics-based prediction algorithm for human enteroviruses was used to predict the conformational epitopes of EV-D68. The prediction results showed that the conformational epitopes of EV-D68 were clustered into three sites: site 1, site 2, and site 3. Site 1 was located in the "north rim" region of the canyon near the fivefold axis; site 2 was located in the "puff" region near the twofold axis; and site 3 consisted of two parts, one in the "knob" region on the south rim of the canyon and the other in the threefold axis region. The predicted epitopes overlapped highly with the binding regions of four reported monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), indicating that the predictions were highly reliable. Phylogenetic analysis showed that amino acid mutations in the epitopes of the VP1 BC loop, DE loop, C-terminus, and VP2 EF loop played a crucial role in the evolutionary divergence of EV-D68 clades/subclades and epidemics. This finding indicated that the VP1 BC loop, DE loop, C-terminus, and VP2 EF loop were the most important epitopes of EV-D68. Research on the epitopes of EV-D68 will contribute to outbreak surveillance and to the development of diagnostic reagents and recombinant vaccines.
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