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Li J, Zheng J, Pan S, Li K, Yu H, Zheng W. Metasurface-based optical system for miniaturization of atomic magnetometers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:20538-20550. [PMID: 38859434 DOI: 10.1364/oe.523114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has focused on miniaturizing atomic devices like magnetometers and gyroscopes for quantum precision measurements, leading to energy savings and broader application. This paper presents the design and validation of metasurface-based optical elements for atomic magnetometers' optical paths. These include highly efficient half-wave plates, polarizers, circular polarization generators, polarization-preserving reflectors, and polarizing beam splitters. These components, compatible with semiconductor manufacturing, offer a promising solution for creating ultra-thin, compact atomic devices.
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2
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Roth BJ. The magnetocardiogram. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2024; 5:021305. [PMID: 38827563 PMCID: PMC11139488 DOI: 10.1063/5.0201950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The magnetic field produced by the heart's electrical activity is called the magnetocardiogram (MCG). The first 20 years of MCG research established most of the concepts, instrumentation, and computational algorithms in the field. Additional insights into fundamental mechanisms of biomagnetism were gained by studying isolated hearts or even isolated pieces of cardiac tissue. Much effort has gone into calculating the MCG using computer models, including solving the inverse problem of deducing the bioelectric sources from biomagnetic measurements. Recently, most magnetocardiographic research has focused on clinical applications, driven in part by new technologies to measure weak biomagnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Roth
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, USA
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Pȩczalski K, Sobiech J, Buchner T, Kornack T, Foley E, Janczak D, Jakubowska M, Newby D, Ford N, Zajdel M. Synchronous recording of magnetocardiographic and electrocardiographic signals. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4098. [PMID: 38374368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a system for simultaneous recording of the electrocardiogram and the magnetocardiogram. The measurement system contained of printed carbon electrodes and SERF magnetometer. The use of this system confirms that the position of the end of the magnetic T wave extends further than the electric T wave, which is an important indicator for the diagnosis of cardiological patients and for drug arrhythmogenicity. We analyze this phenomenon in depth, and demonstrate, that it originates from the fundamental difference between electric and magnetic measurements. The measured value is always bipolar since the electric measurements require two electrodes. We demonstrate how the dual electric and magnetic measuring system adds a new information to the commonly used electrocardiographic diagnosis. The ECG should be interpreted as the spatial asymmetry of the electric cardiac potential, and not as the potential itself. The results seem to prove, that the relation between the magnetic and the electric imaging of neural activities may be broadly applied for the benefit of medical diagnosis in cardiology and many other fields, where the neural activity is measured. This is a pilot study which requires further confirmation at the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judyta Sobiech
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Teodor Buchner
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Daniel Janczak
- Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jakubowska
- Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Nancy Ford
- Twinleaf LLC, Plainsboro, NJ, 08536, USA
| | - Maryla Zajdel
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Han X, Pang J, Xu D, Wang R, Xie F, Yang Y, Sun J, Li Y, Li R, Yin X, Xu Y, Fan J, Dong Y, Wu X, Yang X, Yu D, Wang D, Gao Y, Xiang M, Xu F, Sun J, Chen Y, Ning X. Magnetocardiography-based coronary artery disease severity assessment and localization using spatiotemporal features. Physiol Meas 2023; 44:125002. [PMID: 37995382 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad0f70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective.This study aimed to develop an automatic and accurate method for severity assessment and localization of coronary artery disease (CAD) based on an optically pumped magnetometer magnetocardiography (MCG) system.Approach.We proposed spatiotemporal features based on the MCG one-dimensional signals, including amplitude, correlation, local binary pattern, and shape features. To estimate the severity of CAD, we classified the stenosis as absence or mild, moderate, or severe cases and extracted a subset of features suitable for assessment. To localize CAD, we classified CAD groups according to the location of the stenosis, including the left anterior descending artery (LAD), left circumflex artery (LCX), and right coronary artery (RCA), and separately extracted a subset of features suitable for determining the three CAD locations.Main results.For CAD severity assessment, a support vector machine (SVM) achieved the best result, with an accuracy of 75.1%, precision of 73.9%, sensitivity of 67.0%, specificity of 88.8%, F1-score of 69.8%, and area under the curve of 0.876. The highest accuracy and corresponding model for determining locations LAD, LCX, and RCA were 94.3% for the SVM, 84.4% for a discriminant analysis model, and 84.9% for the discriminant analysis model.Significance. The developed method enables the implementation of an automated system for severity assessment and localization of CAD. The amplitude and correlation features were key factors for severity assessment and localization. The proposed machine learning method can provide clinicians with an automatic and accurate diagnostic tool for interpreting MCG data related to CAD, possibly promoting clinical acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Han
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Pang
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, People's Republic of China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Xu
- National Institute of Extremely-Weak Magnetic Field Infrastructure, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruizhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xie
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, People's Republic of China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiguang Sun
- Hangzhou Nuochi Life Science Co., Ltd, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, People's Republic of China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruochuan Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, People's Republic of China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Yin
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, People's Republic of China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yansong Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, People's Republic of China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Fan
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, People's Republic of China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Dong
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, People's Republic of China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, People's Republic of China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexin Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, People's Republic of China
- National Institute of Extremely-Weak Magnetic Field Infrastructure, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Large-Scale Scientific Facility and Centre for Zero Magnetic Field Science, Beihang University, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, People's Republic of China
- National Institute of Extremely-Weak Magnetic Field Infrastructure, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Large-Scale Scientific Facility and Centre for Zero Magnetic Field Science, Beihang University, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, People's Republic of China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinji Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, People's Republic of China
- National Institute of Extremely-Weak Magnetic Field Infrastructure, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Large-Scale Scientific Facility and Centre for Zero Magnetic Field Science, Beihang University, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, People's Republic of China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Ning
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, People's Republic of China
- National Institute of Extremely-Weak Magnetic Field Infrastructure, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Large-Scale Scientific Facility and Centre for Zero Magnetic Field Science, Beihang University, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, People's Republic of China
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5
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Yang Y, Wang H, Liu Z, Wang Y, Han X, Jia Y, Pang J, Xie F, Yu D, Zhang Y, Xiang M, Ning X. Co-registration of OPM-MCG signals with CT using optical scanning. iScience 2023; 26:108235. [PMID: 37942013 PMCID: PMC10628747 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetocardiography (MCG) can be used to noninvasively measure the electrophysiological activity of myocardial cells. The high spatial resolution of magnetic source localization can precisely determine the location of cardiomyopathy, which is of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease. To perform magnetic source localization, MCG data must be co-registered with anatomical images. We propose a co-registration method that can be applied to OPM-MCG systems. In this method, the sensor array and the trunk of the subject are scanned using structured light-scanning technology, and the scan results are registered with the reconstructed structure using computed tomography (CT). This can increase the number of effective cloud points acquired and reduce the interference from respiratory motion. The scanning bed of the OPM-MCG system was modified to be consistent with the CT device, ensuring that the state of the body remains consistent between the cardiac magnetometry measurements and CT scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Huidong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Zhanyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiaole Han
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yifan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jiaojiao Pang
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Dexin Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
- National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Intearation in Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Min Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
- Hangzhou Institute of National Extremely-weak Magnetic Field Infrastructure, Hangzhou 310028, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaolin Ning
- Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic Field Measurement Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ultra-Weak Magnetic-Field Space and Applied Technology, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Institute of Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
- Hangzhou Institute of National Extremely-weak Magnetic Field Infrastructure, Hangzhou 310028, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Xu K, Ren X, Xiang Y, Zhang M, Zhao X, Ma K, Tian Y, Wu D, Zeng Z, Wang G. Multi-Parameter Optimization of Rubidium Laser Optically Pumped Magnetometers with Geomagnetic Field Intensity. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8919. [PMID: 37960618 PMCID: PMC10648743 DOI: 10.3390/s23218919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Rubidium laser optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) are widely used magnetic sensors based on the Zeeman effect, laser pumping, and magnetic resonance principles. They measure the magnetic field by measuring the magnetic resonance signal passing through a rubidium atomic gas cell. The quality of the magnetic resonance signal is a necessary condition for a magnetometer to achieve high sensitivity. In this research, to obtain the best magnetic resonance signal of rubidium laser OPMs in the Earth's magnetic field intensity, the experiment system of rubidium laser OPMs is built with a rubidium atomic gas cell as the core component. The linewidth and amplitude ratio (LAR) of magnetic resonance signals is utilized as the optimization objective function. The magnetic resonance signals of the magnetometer experiment system are experimentally measured for different laser frequencies, radio frequency (RF) intensities, laser powers, and atomic gas cell temperatures in a background magnetic field of 50,765 nT. The experimental results indicate that optimizing these parameters can reduce the LAR by one order of magnitude. This shows that the optimal parameter combination can effectively improve the sensitivity of the magnetometer. The sensitivity defined using the noise spectral density measured under optimal experimental parameters is 1.5 pT/Hz1/2@1 Hz. This work will provide key technical support for rubidium laser OPMs' product development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiuyan Ren
- Department of Nuclear Technology and Application, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
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7
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Wang Y, Zhao ZG, Chai Z, Fang JC, Chen M. Electromagnetic field and cardiovascular diseases: A state-of-the-art review of diagnostic, therapeutic, and predictive values. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23142. [PMID: 37650634 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300201rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite encouraging advances in early diagnosis and treatment, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remained a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Increasing evidence has shown that the electromagnetic field (EMF) influences many biological processes, which has attracted much attention for its potential therapeutic and diagnostic modalities in multiple diseases, such as musculoskeletal disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Nonionizing EMF has been studied as a therapeutic or diagnostic tool in CVDs. In this review, we summarize the current literature ranging from in vitro to clinical studies focusing on the therapeutic potential (external EMF) and diagnostic potential (internal EMF generated from the heart) of EMF in CVDs. First, we provided an overview of the therapeutic potential of EMF and associated mechanisms in the context of CVDs, including cardiac arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Furthermore, we investigated the diagnostic and predictive value of magnetocardiography in CVDs. Finally, we discussed the critical steps necessary to translate this promising approach into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhen-Gang Zhao
- Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng Chai
- Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian-Cheng Fang
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Mao Chen
- Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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8
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Yao H, Maddox B, Renzoni F. Neural network-aided optimisation of a radio-frequency atomic magnetometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:27287-27295. [PMID: 37710807 DOI: 10.1364/oe.498163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Efficient unsupervised optimisation of atomic magnetometers is a requirement in many applications, where direct intervention of an operator is not feasible. The efficient extraction of the optimal operating conditions from a small sample of experimental data requires a robust automated regression of the available data. Here we address this issue and propose the use of general regression neural networks as a tool for the optimisation of atomic magnetometers which does not require human supervision and is efficient, as it is ideally suited to operating with a small sample of data as input. As a case study, we specifically demonstrate the optimisation of an unshielded radio-frequency atomic magnetometer by using a general regression neural network which establishes a mapping between three input variables, the cell temperature, the pump beam power and the probe beam power, and one output variable, the AC sensitivity. The optimisation results into an AC sensitivity of 44 fT/Hz at 26 kHz.
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9
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Ma Y, Qiao Z, Chen Y, Luo G, Yu M, Wang Y, Lu D, Zhao L, Yang P, Lin Q, Jiang Z. In-situ determination of spin polarization in a single-beam fiber-coupled spin-exchange-relaxation-free atomic magnetometer with differential detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:3743-3754. [PMID: 36785360 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The electronic spin polarization of alkali-metal-vapor atoms is a pivotal parameter for atomic magnetometers. Herein, a novel method is presented for determining the spin polarization with a miniaturized single-beam spin-exchange-relaxation-free (SERF) magnetometer on the basis of zero-field cross-over resonance. Two separate laser beams are utilized to heat the cell and interrogate the vapor atoms, respectively. Spin polarization can be extracted by measuring the resonance response signal of the magnetometer to the transverse magnetic field under different irradiances. Results of these experiments are consistent well with the theoretical predictions with the maximum deviation less than 4%. The proposed method has the integrated advantages of possessing a simple configuration and in-situ measurement. Furthermore, combined with a homemade optical differential detection system with a factor of approximately three of the power noise suppression, the developed single-beam SERF atomic magnetometer with a measuring sensitivity of 32 fT/Hz1/2 has been achieved. This demonstrated approach can help guide the development of chip-scale atomic magnetometers for bio-magnetic field imaging applications.
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10
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Mrozowski MS, Chalmers IC, Ingleby SJ, Griffin PF, Riis E. Ultra-low noise, bi-polar, programmable current sources. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:014701. [PMID: 36725565 DOI: 10.1063/5.0114760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present the design process and implementation of fully open-source, ultra-low noise programmable current source systems in two configurations. Although originally designed as coil drivers for Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs), the device specifications make them potentially useful in a range of applications. The devices feature a bi-directional current range of ±10 and ±250 mA on three independent channels with 16-bit resolution. Both devices feature a narrow 1/f noise bandwidth of 1 Hz, enabling magnetic field manipulation for high-performance OPMs. They exhibit a low noise of 146 pA/Hz and 4.1 nA/Hz, which translates to 15 and 16 ppb/Hz noise relative to full scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Mrozowski
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - I C Chalmers
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - S J Ingleby
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - P F Griffin
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - E Riis
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
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11
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Zhou P, Quan W, Wei K, Liang Z, Hu J, Liu L, Hu G, Wang A, Ye M. Application of VCSEL in Bio-Sensing Atomic Magnetometers. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1098. [PMID: 36551063 PMCID: PMC9775631 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen rapid development of chip-scale atomic devices due to their great potential in the field of biomedical imaging, namely chip-scale atomic magnetometers that enable high resolution magnetocardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). For atomic devices of this kind, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) have become the most crucial components as integrated pumping sources, which are attracting growing interest. In this paper, the application of VCSELs in chip-scale atomic devices are reviewed, where VCSELs are integrated in various atomic bio-sensing devices with different operating environments. Secondly, the mode and polarization control of VCSELs in the specific applications are reviewed with their pros and cons discussed. In addition, various packaging of VCSEL based on different atomic devices in pursuit of miniaturization and precision measurement are reviewed and discussed. Finally, the VCSEL-based chip-scale atomic magnetometers utilized for cardiac and brain magnetometry are reviewed in detail. Nowadays, biosensors with chip integration, low power consumption, and high sensitivity are undergoing rapid industrialization, due to the growing market of medical instrumentation and portable health monitoring. It is promising that VCSEL-integrated chip-scale atomic biosensors as featured applications of this kind may experience extensive development in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Wei Quan
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Kai Wei
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Zihua Liang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jinsheng Hu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Gen Hu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Ankang Wang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Mao Ye
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
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12
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Integrated Polarization-Splitting Grating Coupler for Chip-Scale Atomic Magnetometer. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070529. [PMID: 35884332 PMCID: PMC9313279 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Atomic magnetometers (AMs) are widely acknowledged as one of the most sensitive kind of instruments for bio-magnetic field measurement. Recently, there has been growing interest in developing chip-scale AMs through nanophotonics and current CMOS-compatible nanofabrication technology, in pursuit of substantial reduction in volume and cost. In this study, an integrated polarization-splitting grating coupler is demonstrated to achieve both efficient coupling and polarization splitting at the D1 transition wavelength of rubidium (795 nm). With this device, linearly polarized probe light that experienced optical rotation due to magnetically induced circular birefringence (of alkali medium) can be coupled and split into individual output ports. This is especially advantageous for emerging chip-scale AMs in that differential detection of ultra-weak magnetic field can be achieved through compact planar optical components. In addition, the device is designed with silicon nitride material on silicon dioxide that is deposited on a silicon substrate, being compatible with the current CMOS nanofabrication industry. Our study paves the way for the development of on-chip AMs that are the foundation for future multi-channel high-spatial resolution bio-magnetic imaging instruments.
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Zamani A, Ranjbaran M, Tehranchi MM, Hamidi SM, Khalkhali SMH. Myocardial Ischemia Detection by a Sensitive Pump-Probe Atomic Magnetometer. J Lasers Med Sci 2022; 13:e24. [DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2022.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Magnetocardiography (MCG) based on optical atomic magnetometers has shown promise for detecting heart diseases accurately. Different methods were introduced to improve the sensitivity of detecting magnetic fields during cardiac activity. Methods: In this paper, an optical pump-probe magnetometer operated on the ground-state Hanle effect based on the zero-field level crossing technique was developed and the laser output signal was optimized in an unshielded environment. Then, the optical magnetometer was utilized to record the simulated MCG trace of different stages of myocardial ischemia. Results: The probe output light intensity followed the variation of cardiac magnetic field (MCG trace) generated by Helmholtz coil accurately. Conclusion: Based on the results, the feasibility of our highly sensitive optical magnetometer in tracing showed no change in the P-QRS-T waveform associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD), where P indicates atrial depolarization, QRS is responsible for ventricular depolarization, and T represents ventricular repolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zamani
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Ranjbaran
- Department of Physics, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Physics Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Yan Y, Lu J, Zhang S, Lu F, Yin K, Wang K, Zhou B, Liu G. Three-axis closed-loop optically pumped magnetometer operated in the SERF regime. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:18300-18309. [PMID: 36221634 DOI: 10.1364/oe.458367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose a three-axis closed-loop optically pumped magnetometer with high sensitivity. The closed-loop magnetometer has a three-axis sensitivity of approximately 30 fT/Hz1/2 using two orthogonal laser beams for pumping and probing the alkali metal atoms. In the closed-loop mode, the dynamic range is improved from ±5 nT to ±150 nT. The bandwidth is increased from about 100 Hz to over 2 kHz with 10 kHz modulation fields in x- and y-axes and another 6 kHz modulation field along the z-axis. Compared with single-axis or dual-axis magnetometers, the proposed magnetometer not only provides the direction and magnitude of the magnetic field but also has high robustness in a challenging environment. The magnetometer has applications in biomagnetic measurements, magnetic resonance imaging, and fundamental physics.
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