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Anusha P, Natarajan D, Rengarajan S, Alfarraj S, Kandasamy S. An assessment of metal absorption competence of indigenous metal tolerant bacterial species- an in-vitro study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118700. [PMID: 38499220 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals pose a serious global threat to the environment. Hence, removing hazardous metals from soil samples has become complicated over the past few years. The current work looked into the remediation of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using a bacterial community and a unique bacterium obtained from metal-contaminated soil. In this investigation, the isolates of Bacillus anthracis A1-7, Bacillus. thuringiensis A1-3, Bacillus. cereus A1-5, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa A-33 actively demonstrated metal tolerances to various tested metals. Furthermore, an in-vitro biosorption study was performed under ideal concentration. The bacterial consortia achieved the highest biosorption effectiveness for Cu & Zn, 92.7% and 90.3%, respectively. When compared with a single bacterium, the group exhibited inferior Pb biosorption (86%). Since then, P. aeruginosa A33 has had the highest Pb biosorption. Finally, a bacterial consortium has devised an intriguing strategy for eliminating Cu and Pb from the polluted medium. P. aeruginosa A33 was found to be a mighty microbe that extracts Zn from polluted water. This metal-tolerant bacterium also exhibited specific proportions of selective commercially available antibiotics, which were analyzed using the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index. In conclusion, these findings indicated that bacterial consortia composed of four bacterial isolates can remove metals from a metal-polluted medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Anusha
- Department of Chemistry, Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology, Thottiam Trichy- 621215, India
| | - D Natarajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sumathy Rengarajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Valliammal College for Women, E-9, Anna Nagar East, Chennai 600102, India
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabariswaran Kandasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641004, India.
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2
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Al jebur AA, Soleimani N, Hosseini SM. Comparison of loop-mediated isothermal amplification, multiplex PCR, and REP- PCR techniques for identification of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 15:654-664. [PMID: 37941880 PMCID: PMC10628086 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v15i5.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Acinetobacter baumannii, an opportunistic pathogen, is related to hospital-acquired infections and increased mortality. This study aimed to develop the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) test for the fast-detecting of A. baumannii isolates as well as determining genetic relatedness for these isolates via the REP-PCR technique. Materials and Methods LAMP primers and multiplex PCR primers were designed for recognizing A. baumannii isolates harboring the bla SHV-1 , bla PER-1 , bla TEM-1, AMPC, qnr, and aac (6)-1 genes, were collected (October 2020 to February 2021) from Shahid Motahari Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Combination disc test (CDT) results were used to assess the phenotypic identification of isolates from ESBL producers. The sensitivity of the LAMP method was evaluated using a range of serial dilutions of genomic DNA. Results were compared between the LAMP technique, and multiplex PCR. The genetic diversity of clinical isolates was determined by REP-PCR. Results Among one hundred A. baumannii samples and based on the combined disc test, 56% of isolates were ESBL producers. The sensitivity of the LAMP technique for the identification of A. baumannii was 4.06 ng/μl whilst the multiplex PCR was (16.2 ng/μl). Regarding multiplex PCR, (68%) of the isolates were bla SHV-1 positive, (40%) bla PER-1, (85%) aac (6')-1, AMPC (67%), bla TEM-1 (63%), and (15%) qnr respectively. While in LAMP, (69%) of isolates were bla SHV-1 positive, (86%) aac (6')-1, and (20%) qnr. The results of AMPC, bla TEM-1 , and bla PER-1 genes showed 100% compatibility between multiplex PCR and LAMP assays. The results of REP-PCR indicated there were 17 clones, clone A at 14% was the most prevalent of the isolates. Conclusion Wherever equipment and financial constraints are crucial, the LAMP test offers a better and more potent detection rate for the identification of A. baumannii isolates than multiplex PCR. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of A. baumannii in these clinical isolates showed frequent commonality of genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysar Abbood Al jebur
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Soleimani
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Moreira JS, Galvão DS, Xavier CFC, Cunha S, Pita SSDR, Reis JN, Freitas HFD. Phenotypic and in silico studies for a series of synthetic thiosemicarbazones as New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase carbapenemase inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:14223-14235. [PMID: 34766882 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2001379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have been marked by a global spread of bacterial resistance to β-lactam drugs and carbapenems derivatives are the ultimate treatment against multidrug-resistant bacteria. β-lactamase expression is related to resistance which demands the development of bacterial resistance blockers. Drug inhibitor combinations of serine-β-lactamase and β-lactam were successful employed in therapy despite their inactivity against New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM). Until now, few compounds are active against NDM-producing bacteria and no specific inhibitors are available yet. The rational strategy for NDM inhibitors development starts with in vitro assays aiming to seek compounds that could act synergistically with β-lactam antibiotics. Thus, eight thiosemicarbazone derivatives were synthesized and investigated for their ability to reverse the resistant phenotype in NDM in Enterobacter cloacae. Phenotypic screening indicated that four isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazones showed Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) ≤ 250 µM in the presence of meropenem (4 µg/mL). The most promising compound (FIC= 31.25 µM) also presented synergistic effect (FICI = 0.34). Docking and molecular dynamics studies on NDM-thiosemicarbazone complex suggested that 2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-one subunit interacts with catalytic zinc and interacted through hydrogen bonds with Asp124 acting like a carboxylic acid bioisostere. Additionally, thiosemicarbazone tautomer with oxidized sulfur (thione) seems to act as a spacer rather than zinc chelator, and the aromatic moieties are stabilized by pi-pi and cation-pi interactions with His189 and Lys221 residues. Our results addressed some thiosemicarbazone structural changes to increase its biological activity against NDM and highlight its scaffold as promising alternatives to treat bacterial resistance.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatham Souza Moreira
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacy, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvio Cunha
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Samuel Silva da Rocha Pita
- Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory (LaBiMM), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joice Neves Reis
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacy, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Humberto Fonseca de Freitas
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacy, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory (LaBiMM), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Su Y, Liu S, Dong Q, Zeng Y, Yang Y, Gao Q. Tracking virulence genes and their interaction with antibiotic resistome during manure fertilization. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119736. [PMID: 35810986 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes, collectively termed as antibiotic resistome, are regarded as emerging contaminants. Antibiotics resistome can be highly variable in different environments, imposing environmental safety concern and public health risk when it is in conjunction with pathogenic bacteria. However, it remains elusive how pathogenic bacteria interact with antibiotic resistome, making it challenging to assess microbial risk. Here, we examined the presence and relative abundance of bacterial virulence genes representing potential pathogens in swine manure, compost, compost-amended soil, and unamended agricultural soil in five suburban areas of Beijing, China. The absolute abundances of virulence genes were marginally significantly (p < 0.100) increased in compost-amended soils than unamended soil, revealing potential health risks in manure fertilization. The composition of potential pathogens differed by sample types and was linked to temperature, antibiotics, and heavy metals. As antibiotics can confer pathogens the resistance to clinic treatment, it was alarming to note that virulence genes tended to co-exist with antibiotic resistance genes, as shown by prevalently positive links among them. Collectively, our results demonstrate that manure fertilization in agriculture might give rise to the development of potentially antibiotic-resistant pathogens, unveiling an environmental health risk that has been frequently overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Su
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Suo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Yufei Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Qun Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Gu H, Cai Q, Dai X, Wang H, Xu W, Cao X, Ye Y. A case report of Klebsiella aerogenes-caused lumbar spine infection identified by metagenome next-generation sequencing. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:616. [PMID: 35840919 PMCID: PMC9288078 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early clinical diagnosis of spinal infections in elderly patients with recessive or atypical symptoms is difficult. Klebsiella aerogenes is a common opportunistic bacterium that can infect the respiratory tract, urinary tract, and even the central nervous system. However, whether it can infect the lumbar spine has not been previously described. CASE PRESENTATION In this paper, we report the case of a 69-year-old female patient with osteoporosis who was initially diagnosed with hemolytic anemia. Later, she was diagnosed with K. aerogenes infection of the lumbar spine based on imaging combined with blood culture and metagenome next-generation sequencing (mNGS) detection. After precise medication, the lumbar degeneration was improved. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial infection should therefore be considered in cases of lumbar degenerative disease in middle-aged and elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Gu
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 450 Tengyue Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Cai
- Genoxor Medical Science and Technology Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyong Dai
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 450 Tengyue Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 450 Tengyue Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenying Xu
- Department of Radiology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejie Cao
- Genoxor Medical Science and Technology Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Youwen Ye
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 450 Tengyue Road, Shanghai, China.
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Gerace E, Mancuso G, Midiri A, Poidomani S, Zummo S, Biondo C. Recent Advances in the Use of Molecular Methods for the Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060663. [PMID: 35745518 PMCID: PMC9229729 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by bacteria have a major impact on public health-related morbidity and mortality. Despite major advances in the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections, the latter continue to represent a significant economic and social burden worldwide. The WHO compiled a list of six highly virulent multidrug-resistant bacteria named ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) responsible for life-threatening diseases. Taken together with Clostridioides difficile, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., (C. jejuni and C. coli), Legionella spp., Salmonella spp., and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, all of these microorganisms are the leading causes of nosocomial infections. The rapid and accurate detection of these pathogens is not only important for the early initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy, but also for resolving outbreaks and minimizing subsequent antimicrobial resistance. The need for ever-improving molecular diagnostic techniques is also of fundamental importance for improving epidemiological surveillance of bacterial infections. In this review, we aim to discuss the recent advances on the use of molecular techniques based on genomic and proteomic approaches for the diagnosis of bacterial infections. The advantages and limitations of each of the techniques considered are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Mancuso
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.M.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (S.Z.)
| | - Angelina Midiri
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.M.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (S.Z.)
| | - Stefano Poidomani
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.M.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (S.Z.)
| | - Sebastiana Zummo
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.M.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (S.Z.)
| | - Carmelo Biondo
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.M.); (A.M.); (S.P.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-2213322
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Alves G, Ogurtsov A, Karlsson R, Jaén-Luchoro D, Piñeiro-Iglesias B, Salvà-Serra F, Andersson B, Moore ERB, Yu YK. Identification of Antibiotic Resistance Proteins via MiCId's Augmented Workflow. A Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Approach. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:917-931. [PMID: 35500907 PMCID: PMC9164240 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fast and accurate identifications of pathogenic bacteria along with their associated antibiotic resistance proteins are of paramount importance for patient treatments and public health. To meet this goal from the mass spectrometry aspect, we have augmented the previously published Microorganism Classification and Identification (MiCId) workflow for this capability. To evaluate the performance of this augmented workflow, we have used MS/MS datafiles from samples of 10 antibiotic resistance bacterial strains belonging to three different species: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The evaluation shows that MiCId's workflow has a sensitivity value around 85% (with a lower bound at about 72%) and a precision greater than 95% in identifying antibiotic resistance proteins. In addition to having high sensitivity and precision, MiCId's workflow is fast and portable, making it a valuable tool for rapid identifications of bacteria as well as detection of their antibiotic resistance proteins. It performs microorganismal identifications, protein identifications, sample biomass estimates, and antibiotic resistance protein identifications in 6-17 min per MS/MS sample using computing resources that are available in most desktop and laptop computers. We have also demonstrated other use of MiCId's workflow. Using MS/MS data sets from samples of two bacterial clonal isolates, one being antibiotic-sensitive while the other being multidrug-resistant, we applied MiCId's workflow to investigate possible mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in these pathogenic bacteria; the results showed that MiCId's conclusions agree with the published study. The new version of MiCId (v.07.01.2021) is freely available for download at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CBBresearch/Yu/downloads.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelio Alves
- National
Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, United States
| | - Aleksey Ogurtsov
- National
Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, United States
| | - Roger Karlsson
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, 40234 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center
for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, 40016 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Nanoxis
Consulting AB, 40234 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Jaén-Luchoro
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center
for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, 40016 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Culture Collection
University of Gothenburg (CCUG), Sahlgrenska
Academy of the University of Gothenburg, 40234 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Beatriz Piñeiro-Iglesias
- Department
of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, 40234 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center
for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, 40016 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francisco Salvà-Serra
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, 40234 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center
for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, 40016 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Culture Collection
University of Gothenburg (CCUG), Sahlgrenska
Academy of the University of Gothenburg, 40234 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Microbiology,
Department of Biology, University of the
Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Björn Andersson
- Bioinformatics
Core Facility at Sahlgrenska Academy, University
of Gothenburg, Box 413, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Edward R. B. Moore
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, 40234 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center
for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, 40016 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Culture Collection
University of Gothenburg (CCUG), Sahlgrenska
Academy of the University of Gothenburg, 40234 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yi-Kuo Yu
- National
Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, United States
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Dias LL, Nakamura-Silva R, de Oliveira Junior GAT, Mego IOG, Mendonça GS, Pitondo-Silva A. Hospital liquid waste contaminated with multidrug-resistant bacteria raises a public health hazard alert in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:719. [PMID: 34642819 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) is a global concern because it poses a serious threat to public health. The inadequate handling of Health Services Waste (HSW) and, therefore, the incorrect disposal of infected liquids can cause contamination of the environment, the emergence of diseases caused by MDR bacteria, and the loss of the population's quality of life. The present study aimed to survey the bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance profiles, present in the liquid residues from infected surgeries performed in five years, often discharged into the sewage network of a large tertiary hospital located in the city of Uberlândia, which is considered one of the main economic and demographic centers of Brazil. A systematic and retrospective survey of the medical records of patients who underwent infected surgeries from January 2015 to December 2019 was carried out at the referred hospital. The bacterial species were previously identified and characterized for the antimicrobial susceptibility profile by the VITEK 2 automated system (bioMérieux, Brazil). In the evaluated period, 1658 infected surgeries were performed and the results showed 661 bacterial strains distributed in 48 different species, being Staphylococcus aureus the most prevalent species. The vast majority (85.6%) showed some type of antimicrobial resistance among these strains, with more than half (54.6%) being MDR. The results of this work raise an alert and concern for the risks to the environment and public health by dumping these infected liquid wastes directly into the sewage system without proper prior decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Lúcia Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto - UNAERP., Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, São Paulo, 14096-900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nakamura-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto - UNAERP., Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, São Paulo, 14096-900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Ivan Orlando Gonzales Mego
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Silva Mendonça
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - André Pitondo-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto - UNAERP., Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, São Paulo, 14096-900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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