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Barbalho R, Rodrigues S, Tenorio M, Menezes J. Ambush strategy enhances organisms' performance in rock-paper-scissors games. Biosystems 2024; 240:105229. [PMID: 38740124 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
We study a five-species cyclic system wherein individuals of one species strategically adapt their movements to enhance their performance in the spatial rock-paper-scissors game. Environmental cues enable the awareness of the presence of organisms targeted for elimination in the cyclic game. If the local density of target organisms is sufficiently high, individuals move towards concentrated areas for direct attack; otherwise, they employ an ambush tactic, maximising the chances of success by targeting regions likely to be dominated by opponents. Running stochastic simulations, we discover that the ambush strategy enhances the likelihood of individual success compared to direct attacks alone, leading to uneven spatial patterns characterised by spiral waves. We compute the autocorrelation function and measure how the ambush tactic unbalances the organisms' spatial organisation by calculating the characteristic length scale of typical spatial domains of each species. We demonstrate that the threshold for local species density influences the ambush strategy's effectiveness, while the neighbourhood perception range significantly impacts decision-making accuracy. The outcomes show that long-range perception improves performance by over 60%, although there is potential interference in decision-making under high attack triggers. Understanding how organisms' adaptation their environment enhances their performance may be helpful not only for ecologists, but also for data scientists, aiming to improve artificial intelligence systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barbalho
- School of Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, P.O. Box 1524, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - S Rodrigues
- School of Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, P.O. Box 1524, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - M Tenorio
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience, Santos Dumont Institute, Av Santos Dumont 1560, 59280-000, Macaiba, RN, Brazil
| | - J Menezes
- Research Centre for Data Intelligence, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, Nieuw Eyckholt 300, 6419 DJ, Heerlen, The Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Lu Y, Wang X, Du C, Wang Y, Geng Y, Shi L, Park J. Understanding the role of neutral species by means of high-order interaction in the rock-paper-scissors dynamics. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:014313. [PMID: 38366519 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.014313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The existence of neutral species carries profound ecological implications that warrant further investigation. In this paper, we study the impact of neutral species on biodiversity in a spatial tritrophic system of cyclic competition, in which the neutral species are identified as the fourth species that may affect the competition process of the other three species under the rock-paper-scissors (RPS) rule. Extensive simulations showed that neutral species can promote coexistence in a high mobility regime within the system. When coexistence occurs, we found that the state can be maintained by two mechanisms: Species can either (i) adhere to traditional RPS rule or (ii) form patches to resist invasion. Our findings might aid in understanding the impact of neutral species on biodiversity in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikang Lu
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, Yunnan 650221, China
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, Yunnan 650221, China
| | - Chunpeng Du
- School of Mathematics, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yini Geng
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, Yunnan 650221, China
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Data Science, Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Junpyo Park
- Department of Applied Mathematics, College of Applied Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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Menezes J, Rangel E. Locally adaptive aggregation of organisms under death risk in rock-paper-scissors models. Biosystems 2023; 227-228:104901. [PMID: 37121500 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.104901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We run stochastic simulations of the spatial version of the rock-paper-scissors game, considering that individuals use sensory abilities to scan the environment to detect the presence of enemies. If the local dangerousness level is above a tolerable threshold, individuals aggregate instead of moving randomly on the lattice. We study the impact of the locally adaptive aggregation on the organisms' spatial organisation by measuring the characteristic length scale of the spatial domains occupied by organisms of a single species. Our results reveal that aggregation is beneficial if triggered when the local density of opponents does not exceed 30%; otherwise, the behavioural strategy may harm individuals by increasing the average death risk. We show that if organisms can perceive further distances, they can accurately scan and interpret the signals from the neighbourhood, maximising the effects of the locally adaptive aggregation on the death risk. Finally, we show that the locally adaptive aggregation behaviour promotes biodiversity independently of the organism's mobility. The coexistence probability rises if organisms join conspecifics, even in the presence of a small number of enemies. We verify that our conclusions hold for more complex systems by simulating the generalised rock-paper-scissors models with five and seven species. Our discoveries may be helpful to ecologists in understanding systems where organisms' self-defence behaviour adapts to local environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Menezes
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; School of Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Caixa Postal 1524, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - E Rangel
- School of Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Caixa Postal 1524, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Computer Engineering and Automation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho 300, Natal, 59078-970, Brazil
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Menezes J, Batista S, Tenorio M, Triaca E, Moura B. How local antipredator response unbalances the rock-paper-scissors model. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2022; 32:123142. [PMID: 36587336 DOI: 10.1063/5.0106165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antipredator behavior is a self-preservation strategy present in many biological systems, where individuals join the effort in a collective reaction to avoid being caught by an approaching predator. We study a nonhierarchical tritrophic system, whose predator-prey interactions are described by the rock-paper-scissors game rules. We perform a set of spatial stochastic simulations where organisms of one out of the species can resist predation in a collective strategy. The drop in predation capacity is local, which means that each predator faces a particular opposition depending on the prey group size surrounding it. Considering that the interference in a predator action depends on the prey's physical and cognitive ability, we explore the role of a conditioning factor that indicates the fraction of the species apt to perform the antipredator strategy. Because of the local unbalancing of the cyclic predator-prey interactions, departed spatial domains mainly occupied by a single species emerge. Unlike the rock-paper-scissors model with a weak species because of a nonlocal reason, our findings show that if the predation probability of one species is reduced because individuals face local antipredator response, the species does not predominate. Instead, the local unbalancing of the rock-paper-scissors model results in the prevalence of the weak species' prey. Finally, the outcomes show that local unevenness may jeopardize biodiversity, with the coexistence being more threatened for high mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Menezes
- School of Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, P.O. Box 1524, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - S Batista
- School of Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, P.O. Box 1524, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - M Tenorio
- School of Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, P.O. Box 1524, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - E Triaca
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 300 Lagoa Nova, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil, Brasil
| | - B Moura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho 300, Lagoa Nova, 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Mobility unevenness in rock–paper–scissors models. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2022.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Menezes J, Batista S, Rangel E. Spatial organisation plasticity reduces disease infection risk in rock-paper-scissors models. Biosystems 2022; 221:104777. [PMID: 36070849 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We study a three-species cyclic game system where organisms face a contagious disease whose virulence may change by a pathogen mutation. As a responsive defence strategy, organisms' mobility is restricted to reduce disease dissemination in the system. The impact of the collective self-preservation strategy on the disease infection risk is investigated by performing stochastic simulations of the spatial version of the rock-paper-scissors game. Our outcomes show that the mobility control strategy induces plasticity in the spatial patterns with groups of organisms of the same species inhabiting spatial domains whose characteristic length scales depend on the level of dispersal restrictions. The spatial organisation plasticity allows the ecosystems to adapt to minimise the individuals' disease contamination risk if an eventual pathogen alters the disease virulence. We discover that if a pathogen mutation makes the disease more transmissible or less lethal, the organisms benefit more if the mobility is not strongly restricted, thus forming large spatial domains. Conversely, the benefits of protecting against a pathogen causing a less contagious or deadlier disease are maximised if the average size of groups of individuals of the same species is significantly limited, reducing the dimensions of groups of organisms significantly. Our findings may help biologists understand the effects of dispersal control as a conservation strategy in ecosystems affected by epidemic outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Menezes
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; School of Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, P.O. Box 1524, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - S Batista
- School of Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, P.O. Box 1524, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - E Rangel
- School of Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, P.O. Box 1524, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Combination of survival movement strategies in cyclic game systems during an epidemic. Biosystems 2022; 217:104689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Menezes J, Rangel E, Moura B. Aggregation as an antipredator strategy in the rock-paper-scissors model. ECOL INFORM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Menezes J, Moura B. Mobility-limiting antipredator response in the rock-paper-scissors model. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:054201. [PMID: 34942823 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.054201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Antipredator behavior is present in many biological systems where individuals collectively react to an imminent attack. The antipredator response may influence spatial pattern formation and ecosystem stability but requires an organism's cost to contribute to the collective effort. We investigate a nonhierarchical tritrophic system, whose predator-prey interactions are described by the rock-paper-scissors game rules. In our spatial stochastic simulations, the radius of antipredator response defines the maximum prey group size that disturbs the predator's action, determining the individual cost to participate in antipredator strategies. We consider that each organism contributes equally to the collective effort, having its mobility limited by the proportion of energy devoted to the antipredator reaction. Our outcomes show that the antipredator response leads to spiral patterns, with the segregation of organisms of the same species occupying departed spatial domains. We found that a less localized antipredator response increases the average size of the single-species patches, improving the protection of individuals against predation. Finally, our findings show that although the increase of the predation risk for a more localized antipredator response, the high mobility constraining benefits species coexistence. Our results may help ecologists understand the mechanisms leading to the stability of biological systems where locality is crucial to behavioral interactions among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Menezes
- Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Caixa Postal 1524, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Moura
- Departamento de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 300, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil.,Edmond and Lily Safra International Neuroscience Institute, Santos Dumont Institute Av Santos Dumont, 1560, 59280-000 Macaiba, RN, Brazil
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Menezes J. Antipredator behavior in the rock-paper-scissors model. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:052216. [PMID: 34134300 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.052216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
When faced with an imminent risk of predation, many animals react to escape consumption. Antipredator strategies are performed by individuals acting as a group to intimidate predators and minimize the damage when attacked. We study the antipredator prey response in spatial tritrophic systems with cyclic species dominance using the rock-paper-scissors game. The impact of the antipredator behavior is local, with the predation probability reducing exponentially with the number of prey in the predator's neighborhood. In contrast to the standard Lotka-Volterra implementation of the rock-paper-scissors model, where no spiral waves appear, our outcomes show that the antipredator behavior leads to spiral patterns from random initial conditions. The results show that the predation risk decreases exponentially with the level of antipredator strength. Finally, we investigate the coexistence probability and verify that antipredator behavior may jeopardize biodiversity for high mobility. Our findings may help biologists to understand ecosystems formed by species whose individuals behave strategically to resist predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Menezes
- Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Caixa Postal 1524, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil and Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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