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Tavares Duarte de Alencar LV, Rodríguez-Reartes SB, Tavares FW, Llovell F. Assessing Viscosity in Sustainable Deep Eutectic Solvents and Cosolvent Mixtures: An Artificial Neural Network-Based Molecular Approach. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:7987-8000. [PMID: 38817974 PMCID: PMC11135163 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c07219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are gaining recognition as environmentally friendly solvent alternatives for diverse chemical processes. Yet, designing DESs tailored to specific applications is a resource-intensive task, which requires an accurate estimation of their physicochemical properties. Among them, viscosity is crucial, as it often dictates a DES's suitability as a solvent. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) is introduced to accurately describe the viscosity of DESs and their mixtures with cosolvents. The ANN utilizes molecular parameters derived from σ-profiles, computed using the conductor-like screening model for the real solvent segment activity coefficient (COSMO-SAC). The data set comprises 1891 experimental viscosity measurements for 48 DESs based on choline chloride, encompassing 279 different compositions, along with 1618 data points of DES mixtures with cosolvents as water, methanol, isopropanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide, covering a wide range of viscosity measurements from 0.3862 to 4722 mPa s. The optimal ANN structure for describing the logarithmic viscosity of DESs is configured as 9-19-16-1, achieving an overall average absolute relative deviation of 1.6031%. More importantly, the ANN shows a remarkable extrapolation capacity, as it is capable of predicting the viscosity of systems including solvents (ethanol) and hydrogen bond donors (2,3-butanediol) not considered in the training. The ANN model also demonstrates an extensive applicability domain, covering 94.17% of the entire database. These achievements represent a significant step forward in developing robust, open source, and highly accurate models for DESs using molecular descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Vittor Tavares Duarte de Alencar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ETSEQ, Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Programa
de Engenharia Química (PEQ/COPPE), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue,
149 - Block G -Ilha do Fundão, Rio de
Janeiro, RJ 21949-900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Belén Rodríguez-Reartes
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ETSEQ, Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Química, Universidad
Nacional del Sur (UNS), Avda. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
- Planta
Piloto de Ingeniería Química − PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET), Camino “La Carrindanga”
Km 7, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - Frederico Wanderley Tavares
- Programa
de Engenharia Química (PEQ/COPPE), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue,
149 - Block G -Ilha do Fundão, Rio de
Janeiro, RJ 21949-900, Brazil
- Engenharia
de Processos Químicos e Bioquímicos, Escola de Química
(EPQB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
(UFRJ), Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue, 149 - Block E - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-900, Brazil
| | - Fèlix Llovell
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ETSEQ, Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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2
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Haghbakhsh R, Raeissi S, Craveiro R. Editorial for Special Issue: "Recent Advances in Green Solvents". Molecules 2023; 28:5983. [PMID: 37630235 PMCID: PMC10459270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, environmental conservation is one of the most urgent targets [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Haghbakhsh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Sona Raeissi
- School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345-51154, Iran;
| | - Rita Craveiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
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3
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Cichowska-Kopczyńska I, Nowosielski B, Warmińska D. Deep Eutectic Solvents: Properties and Applications in CO 2 Separation. Molecules 2023; 28:5293. [PMID: 37513167 PMCID: PMC10384334 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, many researchers are focused on finding a solution to the problem of global warming. Carbon dioxide is considered to be responsible for the "greenhouse" effect. The largest global emission of industrial CO2 comes from fossil fuel combustion, which makes power plants the perfect point source targets for immediate CO2 emission reductions. A state-of-the-art method for capturing carbon dioxide is chemical absorption using an aqueous solution of alkanolamines, most frequently a 30% wt. solution of monoethanolamine (MEA). Unfortunately, the usage of alkanolamines has a number of drawbacks, such as the corrosive nature of the reaction environment, the loss of the solvent due to its volatility, and a high energy demand at the regeneration step. These problems have driven the search for alternatives to that method, and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) might be a very good substitute. Many types of DESs have thus far been investigated for efficient CO2 capture, and various hydrogen bond donors and acceptors have been used. Deep eutectic solvents that are capable of absorbing carbon dioxide physically and chemically have been reported. Strategies for further CO2 absorption improvement, such as the addition of water, other co-solvents, or metal salts, have been proposed. Within this review, the physical properties of DESs are presented, and their effects on CO2 absorption capacity are discussed in conjunction with the types of HBAs and HBDs and their molar ratios. The practical issues of using DESs for CO2 separation are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Cichowska-Kopczyńska
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Nowosielski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dorota Warmińska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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4
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Wang Y, Hou X, Zeng J, Wu K, He Y. Random forest models to predict the densities and surface tensions of deep eutectic solvents. AIChE J 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.18095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Xu Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- Institute of Zhejiang University‐Quzhou Quzhou 324000 China
| | - Xiao‐Jing Hou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- Institute of Zhejiang University‐Quzhou Quzhou 324000 China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- Institute of Zhejiang University‐Quzhou Quzhou 324000 China
| | - Ke‐Jun Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- Institute of Zhejiang University‐Quzhou Quzhou 324000 China
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Yuchen He
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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Nowosielski B, Jamrógiewicz M, Łuczak J, Tercjak A, Warmińska D. Effect of temperature and composition on physical properties of deep eutectic solvents based on 2-(methylamino)ethanol – measurement and prediction. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lemaoui T, Boublia A, Darwish AS, Alam M, Park S, Jeon BH, Banat F, Benguerba Y, AlNashef IM. Predicting the Surface Tension of Deep Eutectic Solvents Using Artificial Neural Networks. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:32194-32207. [PMID: 36120015 PMCID: PMC9475633 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Studies on deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a new class of "green" solvents, are attracting increasing attention from researchers, as evidenced by the rapidly growing number of publications in the literature. One of the main advantages of DESs is that they are tailor-made solvents, and therefore, the number of potential DESs is extremely large. It is essential to have computational methods capable of predicting the physicochemical properties of DESs, which are needed in many industrial applications and research. Surface tension is one of the most important properties required in many applications. In this work, we report a relatively generalized artificial neural network (ANN) for predicting the surface tension of DESs. The database used can be considered comprehensive because it contains 1571 data points from 133 different DES mixtures in 520 compositions prepared from 18 ions and 63 hydrogen bond donors in a temperature range of 277-425 K. The ANN model uses molecular parameter inputs derived from the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (S σ-profiles). The training and testing results show that the best performing ANN architecture consisted of two hidden layers with 15 neurons each (9-15-15-1). The proposed ANN was excellent in predicting the surface tension of DESs, as R 2 values of 0.986 and 0.977 were obtained for training and testing, respectively, with an overall average absolute relative deviation of 2.20%. The proposed models represent an initiative to promote the development of robust models capable of predicting the properties of DESs based only on molecular parameters, leading to savings in investigation time and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Lemaoui
- Laboratoire
de Biopharmacie Et Pharmacotechnie (LPBT), Ferhat Abbas Setif 1 University, 19000 Setif, Algeria
- Research
and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen (RICH Center), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abir Boublia
- Laboratoire
de Physico-Chimie des Hauts Polymères (LPCHP), Département
de Génie des Procédés, Faculté de Technologie, Université Ferhat ABBAS Sétif-1, 19000 Sétif, Algeria
- Research
and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen (RICH Center), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad S. Darwish
- Center
for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab
Emirates
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Manawwer Alam
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud
University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sungmin Park
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, 04763 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department
of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Fawzi Banat
- Center
for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab
Emirates
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yacine Benguerba
- Laboratoire
de Biopharmacie Et Pharmacotechnie (LPBT), Ferhat Abbas Setif 1 University, 19000 Setif, Algeria
| | - Inas M. AlNashef
- Center
for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab
Emirates
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research
and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen (RICH Center), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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7
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Xia L, Pan Y, Zhao T, Sun X, Tao S, Chen Y, Xiang S. Estimating heat capacities of liquid organic compounds based on elements and chemical bonds contribution. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Yu L, Hou X, Ren G, Wu K, He C. Viscosity model of deep eutectic solvents from group contribution method. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu‐Ying Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Institute of Zhejiang University‐Quzhou Quzhou China
| | - Xiao‐Jing Hou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Institute of Zhejiang University‐Quzhou Quzhou China
| | - Gao‐Peng Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Ke‐Jun Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Institute of Zhejiang University‐Quzhou Quzhou China
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Chao‐Hong He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Institute of Zhejiang University‐Quzhou Quzhou China
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9
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Khajeh A. Applying Molecular Approaches to the Estimation of Surface Tension of Deep Eutectic Solvents. J SOLUTION CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-022-01156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Cea-Klapp E, Gajardo-Parra N, Aravena P, Quinteros-Lama H, Held C, Canales RI, Garrido JM. Interfacial Properties of Deep Eutectic Solvents by Density Gradient Theory. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Cea-Klapp
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Nicolás Gajardo-Parra
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Paulo Aravena
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820244, Chile
| | - Héctor Quinteros-Lama
- Departamento de Tecnologías Industriales, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Talca, Merced 437, Curicó 3340000, Chile
| | - Christoph Held
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roberto I. Canales
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820244, Chile
| | - José Matías Garrido
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
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Velez C, Acevedo O. Simulation of deep eutectic solvents: Progress to promises. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Velez
- Department of Chemistry University of Miami Coral Gables Florida USA
| | - Orlando Acevedo
- Department of Chemistry University of Miami Coral Gables Florida USA
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12
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Volumetric and compressibility studies on aqueous mixtures of deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride and carboxylic acids at different temperatures: Experimental, theoretical and computational approach. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Haghbakhsh R, Duarte ARC, Raeissi S. Viscosity Investigations on the Binary Systems of (1 ChCl:2 Ethylene Glycol) DES and Methanol or Ethanol. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185513. [PMID: 34576980 PMCID: PMC8465307 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the viscosity behavior of two mixtures of Ethaline (1 ChCl:2 ethylene glycol) with either methanol or ethanol were investigated over the temperature range of 283.15–333.15 K at atmospheric pressure. The measured viscosities of neat Ethaline, methanol, and ethanol showed reliable agreement with the corresponding reported literature values. The mixture viscosities were modeled by an Arrhenius-like model to determine the behavior of viscosity with respect to temperature. The data were also modeled by the four well-known mixture viscosity models of Grunberg–Nissan, Jouyban–Acree, McAllister, and Preferential Solvation. All of the model results were reliable, with the Jouyban–Acree and Preferential Solvation models showing the most accurate agreement with the experimental measurements. The Jones–Dole viscosity model was also investigated for the measured viscosities, and by analyzing the results of this model, strong interactions among Ethaline and the alcohol molecules were proposed for both systems. As a final analysis, viscosity deviations of the investigated systems were calculated to study the deviations of the viscosity behaviors with respect to ideal behavior. Both systems showed negative viscosity deviations at all of the investigated temperatures, with the negative values tending towards zero, and hence more ideal behavior, with increasing temperatures. Moreover, in order to correlate the calculated viscosity deviations, the Redlich–Kister model was successfully used for both systems and at each investigated temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Haghbakhsh
- School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Mollasadra Ave., Shiraz 71348-51154, Iran;
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Ana Rita C. Duarte
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Sona Raeissi
- School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Mollasadra Ave., Shiraz 71348-51154, Iran;
- Correspondence:
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Rente D, Paiva A, Duarte AR. The Role of Hydrogen Bond Donor on the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Natural Matrices Using Deep Eutectic Systems. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082336. [PMID: 33920554 PMCID: PMC8073569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, deep eutectic systems (DESs) as extraction techniques for bioactive compounds have surfaced as a greener alternative to common organic solvents. In order to study the effect of these systems on the extraction of phenolic compounds from different natural sources, a comprehensive review of the state of the art was carried out. In a first approach, the addition of water to these systems and its effect on DES physicochemical properties such as polarity, viscosity, and acidity was investigated. This review studied the effect of the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) on the nature of the extracted phenolics. The effects of the nature of the HBD, namely carbon chain length as well as the number of hydroxyl, methyl, and carbonyl groups, have shown to play a critical role in the extraction of different phenolic compounds. This review highlights the differences between DES systems and systematizes the results published in the literature, so that a more comprehensive evaluation of the systems can be carried out before any experimental trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte Rente
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (D.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexandre Paiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (D.R.); (A.P.)
- Des Solutio, Avenida Tenente Valadim, nº 17, 2ºF, 2560-275 Torres Vedras, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Duarte
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (D.R.); (A.P.)
- Des Solutio, Avenida Tenente Valadim, nº 17, 2ºF, 2560-275 Torres Vedras, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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